Review the nature of the new social classes that emerged in urban areas during the British period.
Review the nature of the new social classes that emerged in urban areas during the British period.
Write about the new social classes that emerged during the British period.
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New social classes that emerged during the British period:-
Introduction:-
In the pre-British period, the social structure was simple in nature. There was no special technological innovation. But gradually, new cultures mixed with each other and new industrial cultures emerged in British India. Various new classes emerged in society. The development of various industries led to the expansion of urban society. During the British period, some important classes emerged in society, especially in cities, due to religious, political and commercial interests. These classes are—
1. The capitalist class that emerged in industry, trade and economics.
2. The working class engaged in industries, mines and transport.
3. The small business class involved in modern technology.
4. Other intellectuals and the middle class.
1. The capitalist class developed from industry, trade and economics: -
The capitalist class developed from industry, trade and economics got the opportunity to make much more profit during the British period. The breakdown of the rural society saw a change in the system of private land ownership. In this context, the commercialization process of agriculture was launched. Along with the integration of domestic and international market economies, the development of road and rail transport systems resulted in the emergence of the capitalist class.
During the British period, these capitalist classes faced competition. In the international market too, the capitalists continued to compete for market share. As a result of the selfishness of the British government, there was a tendency for the interests of the industrialists to deteriorate.
2. The working class engaged in industrial factories, mines and transport: -
Industrial workers, as a new class, began to flock to urban areas to earn a living. As a result of the system adopted by the British government, Indian industrial institutions started closing down. Due to the imposition of excessive taxes on land, people started facing the problem of unemployment. To get out of this problem, they started working in various factories in the urban areas in search of livelihood. Thus, the industrial working class emerged.
Various sociologists have explained the working classes as the oppressed and exploited class in the society, who are oppressed and exploited in various ways by the people in the higher levels of society. Many sociologists believe that the working class people are exploited the most due to the prejudices in the society as well as the profiteering of the British and Indian industrialists.
3. Small business class involved in modern technology: -
During the British period, several small business classes and people were seen with the help of contemporary capitalism, who occupied a special important place in the society. In the cities identified as economic areas, many business areas or shops were established to fulfill the needs of the people. The class associated with these is the merchant and shopkeeper class. They are the medium of exchange for both manufactured and imported goods. However, this class played a special role in strengthening the capitalist economy during the British period.
4. Other intellectuals and middle class: -
In the socio-economic context, it is seen that several classes associated with industry-education-law-court emerged. They occupy a special place in society. The development of Western thought is seen due to the connection of the East and the West during the British rule. As a result of the education system in the West, several professional classes emerged, such as technicians, journalists, etc. By bringing them together, the intellectuals and middle class began to emerge in India. Thus, it is seen that various professional classes emerged in social life as a result of modern Western education.
As a result of British imperialist policies, profit policies, etc., it is seen that this class of people also started losing their dominance due to British rule. Although this intellectual class of people did not openly oppose the ruler, they became protestors through various movements. Intellectuals from different classes of society were behind the independence of India. As a result of their strong protest and unity, India saw the face of independence.
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