Definition and features of classical conditioning.
Definition and features of classical conditioning.
Definition and features of Pavlovian conditioning.
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Definition / concept of classical conditioning :-
The proponent of classical conditioning is the Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov. The classical conditioning process is based on biological or physiological factors. In this type of conditioning, two types of stimuli work - natural stimuli and artificial stimuli. In this type of conditioning process, the natural stimulus is paired with an artificial stimulus. After conditioning, it is seen that the artificial stimulus is also capable of causing the same type of response as the natural stimulus. This is called Pavlovian conditioning or classical conditioning. This type of conditioning is respondent-like, that is, it has a specific stimulus. The organizational form of classical conditioning is - S1 > R1 > S2 > R2
Features of classical conditioning:-
1. Presentation of artificial stimulus before presentation of natural stimulus :-
In classical conditioning, the artificial stimulus is presented before the natural stimulus. For example, in his experiment, Pavlov presented an artificial stimulus or bell before natural stimulus or food.
2. Stimulus-dependent process:-
Classical conditioning is a stimulus-dependent process. In this type of conditioning, emphasis is given to the presence of the stimulus. Therefore, classical conditioning is S - type conditioning.
3. Strong natural stimulus:-
In classical conditioning, the natural stimulus is stronger than the artificial stimulus or the conditioned stimulus. For example, in Pavlov's experiment, the artificial stimulus or bell was able to cause a response like the natural stimulus.
4. Stimulus presentation in sequence:
In classical conditioning, special care must be taken in presenting the two stimuli. The natural stimulus must be presented while the artificial stimulus is still present - otherwise, the conditioning process will be disrupted.
5. Repeated presentation of the stimulus:
In classical conditioning, the two stimuli must be presented repeatedly. If presented only once, the conditioning process is not effective. The two stimuli must be presented repeatedly until the conditioning of behavior with the artificial stimulus occurs.
6. Non-conformity:
After the conditioning process is properly organized, if the natural stimulus is kept absent for a long time, the conditioning process will disappear. This phenomenon is known as non-conformity.
7. Return of conditioning after non-conformity:
The result of non-conformity is the disappearance of the conditioned process. But even after that, if the artificial and natural stimuli can be presented in sequence, the conditioned behavior reappears. For example, in Pavlov's experiment, if the artificial stimulus bell and the natural stimulus food are presented appropriately after the aversion, then the S - R bond will occur again.
8. Secondary stimulus specification: -
In the classical conditioning process, the secondary stimulus needs to be specified. In the presence of multiple or unspecified secondary stimuli, the animal will not be able to respond to the specific stimulus or, it will establish a relationship of aversion with any one of the many secondary stimuli.
9. Generalization and differentiation: -
In the classical conditioning process, various behaviors can be generalized and differentiated in animals. Separating relevant and general features by excluding irrelevant features is called differentiation and forming a general theory based on these relevant features is called generalization.
10. Differentiated by age and animal: -
The classical conditioning process is more fruitful for other animals and children. Since it is a physiological process, the classical conditioning process is more suitable for learning of animals and children.
11. Reflex nature:-
In the classical conditioning process, the adaptation that the natural stimulus causes is reflex in nature. That is, this type of adaptation is not under the will of the animal. The animal is attracted by the natural stimulus and reacts according to its natural needs.
12. S - R bond:-
The main purpose of the classical conditioning process is to make a connection between the stimulus (S) and the response (R). In this conditioning process, the stimulus organizes a specific behavior in the animal and this process can be completely controlled.
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