Different Types of Equality.
Different Types of Equality.
Discuss the different types of equality.
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Different Types of Equality:-
1. Natural Equality:-
One of the main proponents of the theory of natural equality is Rousseau. According to him, man is born free; but everywhere he is bound in the chains of subjugation. Apart from Rousseau, other proponents of the theory of natural equality are Cicero and Polybius. The essence of the theory of natural equality is that man is free from birth and has equal rights. There is no difference between them.
But today, political scientists criticize the theory of natural equality in several ways. For example, all people are not equal in physical, mental, ability and social status from birth. Therefore, modern political scientists promote the theory of ending all kinds of special privileges and advantages by calling natural equality.
2. Social equality: -
There are differences in various fields such as ethnicity, race, gender, economy, social status, etc. among individuals in society. One of the proponents of the theory of social equality is Barker. He defines social equality as the establishment of equal rights in cultural, social and economic fields. Social equality did not exist in ancient feudal societies and slave societies. For example, in Africa, there was a huge difference in the social rights of white and black people; in India, the lower classes did not have any rights. But later, the concept of social equality developed through the American Declaration of Human Rights, the French Revolution, etc. However, the social equality that has been completely established even today is not the same. Social equality can be completely established only in a socialist system free from exploitation.
3. Legal equality: -
Among the concepts of equality, the most common and acceptable concept is legal equality. Equality in the eyes of the law and the right to be equally protected by the law - is the main point of legal equality. According to the concept of legal equality, every person living in society, regardless of race - religion - caste - gender - social and economic status - power and status, will be equally regulated and protected by the general law.
4. Political equality: -
Political equality is the opportunity for everyone to participate equally in the political system, regardless of race - religion - caste - social and economic status - power and status. Through political equality, all people get the right to participate in politics, the right to participate in elections, the right to be elected, the right to cast vote, the right to participate in the governance system - etc.
5. Economic equality: -
Economic equality is the type of system through which all classes of people living in society get equal opportunities and benefits in the economic field. The main proponents of the theory of economic equality are Marxists. According to Marxists, if economic equality is not established in society, all other rights and freedoms are unrealistic and meaningless. Marxists believe that without economic equality in society, society and the state become exploitation machines. Marxists are in favor of abolishing the capitalist system founded on inequality. Lasky said - I do not have the right to adequate food in a society where my neighbors do not eat.
6. Personal equality: -
When all people in a society receive equal opportunities and rights in political, social and economic terms - then it is called personal equality. Incidentally, personal equality can never be fully established in a society with significant wealth inequality; because a society with wealth inequality always protects the interests of the ruling class. Personal equality in society is considered the main condition for the development of the inner being of the individual. According to this theory, law and the state system create a suitable environment for the equal development of all.
7. International Equality:-
The United Nations or the League of Nations was established on the basis of negotiated solutions to international problems, the right of nations to self-determination, etc. Article 2(1) of the Charter of the United Nations recognizes the right of nations to self-determination and the sovereignty of all states.
In the present world, the position of all types of states, small-large, powerful-powerless, wealthy-unwealthy, etc., can be observed. All these states have introduced international equality to protect their right to self-determination and sovereignty.
Finally, it can be said that, except for the theory of legal equality, all other types of equality are theoretical or non-statutory; the state is committed to providing only the right to legal equality. Political equality and international equality are, of course, part of legal equality. Although equality in the real sense is not established in any state; True equality is only possible in a socialist society free from exploitation.
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