What is justice? Discuss the nature and scope of justice.
What is justice? Discuss the nature and scope of justice.
Define justice. Discuss the nature and scope of justice.
Concept and nature - scope of justice.
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Concept / definition of justice:-
Justice is a kind of ideological theory; therefore, it is not easy to determine a universally accepted definition of justice. Justice is basically a moral concept. Its basis is rationality, correctness and appropriateness. However, the concept of justice changes from country to country and time. Therefore, justice is a dynamic concept. With time, the ideals, customs, traditions and culture of people and society change. Since the concept of justice is related to the above issues, justice changes.
Professor Barker says that justice is a complete set of values and other political values have gathered in justice.
According to Justinian, justice is a mental feeling and desire to establish a correct, common and harmonious system.
Ernest Barker presented his idea of justice in his book titled Principles of Social and Political Theory. He mentioned justice as a coordinating word. Analyzing the etymological meaning of the word justice proves the truth of Barker's theory. The English word justice comes from two Latin words Justus and Justitia. These words mean connection and coordination. Therefore, justice is the combination of different values within a well-structured system.
Nature - Scope of Justice:-
To discuss the nature - scope of justice, it is necessary to present different doctrines and theories. Although it is difficult to establish a universally accepted theory on the nature and scope of justice, it is still possible to shed light on the nature and scope of justice by presenting a few theories. For example -
Ancient Greek concept of justice:-
There is a discussion about the nature of justice in ancient Greek philosophy. In the philosophy of Pythagoras, justice is referred to as a square number. In this case, justice is a harmonious concept. Again, the Greek philosopher Plato presented justice as a metaphysical theory in his famous book Republic. According to Plato, justice is one of the main elements of state formation. Justice is the absence of unwanted state interference in the performance of one's positional responsibilities and duties.
The nature of justice in the eyes of Roman jurists:-
According to Roman jurists, law is the expression of justice. Justice is associated with religion and holiness. Legal justice establishes peace in society in all aspects. Saint Augustine also mentioned justice as being associated with religion and holiness. Justice counteracts the negative forces of society and harmonizes peace, equality, freedom, friendship, etc. in society.
Nature of Justice in relation to Utilitarianism:-
Supporters of Utilitarianism do not agree to analyze justice as a harmonization of social ideals. For example, David Hume, the main supporter of utilitarianism, claimed that the concept of justice as a social ideal is unimportant. He emphasized the supply of needs and utility instead of justice.
Nature of Justice in the Classic Liberal View:-
Ernest Barker, one of the proponents of the Classic Liberal View, referred to justice as Social Reality. According to him, justice harmonizes equality, friendship, freedom, fraternity, etc. on the one hand, and also harmonizes the different claims of individuals in society on the other.
Plato, another proponent of the Classic Liberal View, believed that the establishment of justice is possible only through harmony. Justice provides freedom to perform duties and responsibilities according to one's own ability without interfering in the work of others.
The nature of justice in modern liberalism:-
John Rule is one of the proponents of neoliberalism. He presented the modern view of justice in his book A Theory of Justice. According to John Rule, the main basis of justice is equal distribution. John Rule says that justice does not only mean the welfare of the majority; justice paves the way for the welfare of all individuals in society. While analyzing the nature of justice, John Rule talks about providing special opportunities for the weaker sections of society.
Main principles of justice in John Rule's concept:-
John Rule has mentioned three basic principles of justice. They are -
(a) The right to freedom of all individuals in society.
(b) The presence of equal opportunities in obtaining social status, social and political rights, all types of legal rights - etc.
(c) The provision of special opportunities for the weaker and backward classes of society.
Robert Nozick's view on the nature of justice: -
Robert Nozick holds an opposing view to John Ruhl's theory on the nature of justice. The nature of justice that Robert Nozick analyzed is known as the theory of procedural justice. According to this theory, the state will be the least powerful; the right of the individual to property and profit will always be established. If the state intervenes in the policy of equal distribution of property and profit of citizens, it will create obstacles in the way of establishing justice.
The nature of justice in the Marxist perspective: -
Marxists talk about economic equality when they say justice. According to Marxists, without economic equality in society, equality, rights, freedom, etc. become meaningless. Therefore, justice can be established in society only in a socialist society free from exploitation. Only when equality is established in the economic sphere is it possible to establish justice in society.
Finally, it can be said that although justice is basically a harmonization of social ideals, it changes in different places and in different times. Because, ideals change in different countries and times. In the modern era, the concept of equality has evolved as a result of changes in the political system and state thought, and the path to establishing true justice has been paved.
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