What is Classical Conditioning ? Describe Pavlov's experiment on Classical Conditioning .
What is Classical Conditioning ? Describe Pavlov's experiment on Classical Conditioning .
Classical Conditioning : Ivan Pavlov.
How Classical Conditioning Works ?
Classical Conditioning
Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov is the proponent of the Classical Conditioning theory. It is based on anatomical explanation. That is, according to Pavlov, animals gather external stimuli and experience the external world with the help of five senses. According to him, in any animal there are specific stimuli to produce a particular reaction and in all situations these stimuli produce the same type of reaction. Pavlov called these stimuli as natural stimuli and responses as natural responses. According to him, the association of natural stimulus and natural response is predetermined. This response is neither acquired nor learned.
If an artificial or alternative stimulus is repeatedly presented with or immediately preceding a natural stimulus, the natural stimulus will become associated with the artificial stimulus and the response that the natural stimulus elicits will also be elicited by the artificial stimulus. This is called Pavlov's adaptation or subordination or archaic adaptation. According to Pavlov, this is how most of the learning we do in everyday life happens.
Pavlov's Experiment on Classical Conditioning :-
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Pavlov's experiment on Classical Conditioning is the dog salivation experiment. A hungry dog, presented with some food, was observed to salivate. Salivation is a normal response to seeing food in front of the eyes. He also arranged to measure the amount of saliva. A bell was then sounded to make the dog aware of the food before food was presented to the dog in this experimental situation each day. Food items are served before the effect of sound is over. After repeating this for a few days, it was found that the dog started salivating at the sound of the bell. In fact, saliva has nothing to do with the sound of bell. The normal response to the sound of the bell is alertness. So the dog was alert at the first ring of the bell. But repeating the experiment resulted in salivation being associated with the bell-ringing stimulus. The bell replaced food as the stimulus and elicited a salivary response. This is what Pavlov called the Classical Conditioning.
The main structure of the experiment is as follows:-
Salivation is a normal reaction when a food item is presented in front of a hungry dog. But in this experiment when the bell elicits salivation, salivation is the conditioned response and the bell is the conditioned stimulus.
Before Conditioning :-
S1 → R1 → S2 → R2
After Conditioning :-
S1 → R2
[ S = Stimulate ; R = Response ]
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