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Career CLASS 11 (XI) Class XI 1st Semester CLASS XI 2nd Semester H.S. 3rd SEM H.S. 4th SEM H.S. EDUCATION H.S. HISTORY HS SOCIOLOGY HS SUGGESTION INDIAN HISTORY NCERT POLITY PROJECT Sociological Studies Teaching & Education TEST PAPERS SOLVE TEST PAPERS SOLVE 2020 WORLD HISTORY XI EDUCATION XI HISTORY XI POL SC XI SOCIOLOGY XII Bengali XII Sanskrit

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Difference between individual and group counseling.

Difference between individual therapy and group therapy. 




Difference between individual and group counseling:-


1. Numerical difference:-
In individual counseling, guidance is given to an individual individually.
But in group counseling, guidance is given to multiple individuals at once.

2. Difference in scope:-
The scope of individual counseling is very wide. Individual counseling can be given on any subject.
But the scope of group counseling is not so wide; group counseling cannot be given on any subject. Group counseling can be given only on those subjects that are applicable to all.

3. Difference in nature:-
Individual counseling is usually remedial. Individual counseling is given to solve specific problems of a specific person.
On the other hand, group counseling is usually preventive. Group counseling is provided to prevent future problems of more than one person.

4. Difference in method: -
In the case of individual counseling, direct, indirect and optional methods are usually adopted.
On the other hand, in the case of group counseling, methods such as work conferences, lectures, dramas, question and answer sessions, seminars, etc. are usually adopted.

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5. Difference in control: -
In the case of individual counseling, there is only one person who receives guidance. As a result, he has the opportunity to freely express his wishes, opinions, thoughts, etc. The person who provides advice has less control in this case.
On the other hand, in the case of group counseling, there are more than one person who receives guidance. As a result, it is not possible to give equal opportunity to everyone in presenting personal problems. The counselor provides advice on general problems as the main controller.

6. Difference in information collection: -
In the process of individual counseling, the counselor can easily collect information about the student or the person receiving advice. As a result, it is possible to provide appropriate and suitable guidance on his behalf.
On the other hand, since there are multiple guidance recipients in the group counseling process, it is not possible to collect information about everyone.

7. Differences in the student's position: -
Since there is only one guidance recipient in the individual counseling process, his positional difference with other guidance recipients is not clearly visible.
However, since multiple people participate in the group counseling process, the position of each person can be clearly understood compared to other guidance recipients.

8. Differences in time and expenditure: -
Since there is a guide and a recipient in the individual counseling process, both time and money are spent in this type of process.
On the other hand, multiple recipients participate in the group counseling process. As a result, time and money are spent less than in the individual counseling process.

9. Differences regarding the consultant:-
In the individual counseling process, the consultant needs to be experienced in the problem of the counselee. Without proper knowledge and experience about the problem, the counseling is not effective.
On the other hand, in the group counseling process, since predetermined guidance is given about future problems, it is possible for any experienced teacher to provide guidance. 

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Difference between standardised and non-standardised tests.

Discuss the comparison between standardised and non-standardised tests.


Difference between standardised and non-standardised tests.


1. Difference in terms of impersonality:-
Standardised tests can be made completely impersonal. In this type of test, the test can be made almost or completely free from personal influence by applying various techniques.
On the other hand, in non-standardised tests, it is not possible to make the personal influence completely free from any condition. Therefore, impersonality is relatively low in this type of test.

2. Difference in terms of control:-
Standardised tests and test items can be controlled. Test items are prepared in a well-controlled manner by applying the item analysis method while choosing test items.
But, non-idealized tests cannot be completely controlled; because it is not possible to apply the item analysis method in this type of test.

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3. Difference in reliability:-
The reliability of standardised tests is much higher. Standardised tests are made reliable by applying various modern techniques.
On the other hand, the reliability of non-standardised tests is relatively low. In this type of test, experience is given importance instead of modern techniques.

4. Difference in accuracy:-
In the case of standardised tests, appropriate accuracy is an essential feature. The acceptance of standardised tests is high due to appropriate accuracy.
On the other hand, the accuracy is relatively low in non-standardised tests. Because modern research findings of learning and teaching are not applied in this type of test.

5. Difference in the application of statistics:-
It is possible to apply statistics in  standardised tests. It is possible to analyze the educational process in detail by applying statistics.
However, in non-standardized tests, there are complications in applying statistics and in most cases, statistics cannot be applied.

6. Difference in norm: -
In standardized tests, there are specific norms. Standardized tests are conducted on the basis of specific norms and the presence of norms is considered one of the features of standardized tests.
On the other hand, the presence of specific norms is not expected in non-standardized tests.

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7. Difference in application: -
Since standardized tests are relatively acceptable, reliable and accurate, standardized tests are widely used.
However, the application of non-standardized tests is relatively less.

8. Difference in flexibility: -
In standardized tests, the test items are strictly controlled and strictness is also adopted in application.
On the other hand, in non-standardized tests, flexibility is adopted in the formation and application of test items.

9. Difference in re-application:-
In standardized tests, test items can be reused.
However, in non-standardized tests, test items are generally not reusable.

10. Difference in nature:-
Standardized tests are general.
On the other hand, non-standardized tests are specific. This type of test is formed and applied in special situations.

Finally, it can be said that standardized tests are a type of measurement method whose application rules are predetermined. Through this type of test, the comparative assessment of the performance of all students in the same situation can be done; but in the case of non-standardized tests, it is not possible.

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Importance of Standardised Test in Education. 

Discuss the educational significance of standardised tests. 




Importance of standardised tests. 

Standardised tests are an important measurement technique in the teaching-learning process. Psychological and educational tests are a type of measurement technique with the help of which the behavioral characteristics of an individual can be measured. Generally, educational and psychological tests in which the presence of psychologically compatible qualities and characteristics can be observed are called standardised tests. The importance of standardised tests is discussed below.

1. Educational planning: -
It is possible to get an idea about the minimum qualifications of students through standardised tests. Based on this concept, decisions can be made about the next stage of educational planning. During this education plan, various information about the students is known through standardized tests.

2. Student Selection:-
Standardized tests are particularly effective in finding out which types of students are suitable for different types of courses in different schools. A standardized test can easily select the students who are suitable for the course.

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3. Class Division:-
When more students are admitted to a class in a school than required, special difficulties arise in teaching and conducting education. In this situation, it becomes necessary to divide the students in various sections .Standardized tests play a particularly effective role during this division.

4. Educational Guidance:-
Various information about the students is required to conduct educational guidance properly. This various information about the students can actually be collected only through standardized tests. Therefore, standardized tests help in proper educational guidance.

5. Identify the weaknesses of students:-
Student weaknesses can be easily identified through standardized tests . By identifying student weaknesses, it is possible to adopt effective education plans to solve them.

6. Accuracy:-
Standardized tests are much more accurate than other educational tests. A holistic assessment of the student is possible through standardized tests. For example, through a geography test of a student, it is possible to measure his subject knowledge along with his handwriting, language ability, word choice ability, spelling, etc.

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7. Reliability:-
Standardized tests apply modern scientific techniques. As a result, the results of the test become much more reliable. In this type of test, the use of psychological formulas, statistics etc. instead of experience , makes the test much more reliable.

8. Free from personal influence: -
In standardized testing, various measures can be taken to make the test items and evaluation free from personal influence. Attempts are made to maintain the standard in terms of creating test items, giving marks, etc. In standardized testing, even if the test is conducted repeatedly, the results remain roughly the same.

9. Saving of labor, time and expenditure: -
Through standardized testing, it is possible to evaluate a large number of students in a very short time and for a small amount of money. As a result, standardized testing is especially acceptable in poor and developing societies.

10. Accuracy in data collection: -
The information collected about students through standardized testing is much more accurate. This accurate information about the student helps in taking education plans.

Finally, it can be said that standardized testing is much more acceptable among other educational and psychological tests. Standardized testing is particularly useful in all areas such as marking, evaluation, etc. Therefore, standardized testing is conducted most in modern times.

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What is guidance? Discuss the scope of guidance.

Definition and Scope of Guidance.




Definition of Guidance :-

The English synonym of the word Guidance is derived from the English word Guide ; which means to guide. The word guidance can be used in two ways - to give instructions and to direct. However, different educators have used the word guidance in different meanings; such as - to select, help, direct, move forward, give instructions, set goals - etc.

Psychologist Jones says - when a person is helped by another person in moving forward in life, setting goals, adapting and solving problems - then it can be called guidance.

Erikson defines guidance as a process by which a person receives direction for the future, sets goals, plans for the future through social needs, interests, tendencies, etc.

Psychologist Crow says - When a person receives advice and help from a person or organization to set his or her own life goals, form his or her own perspective, understand and solve problematic situations, and make decisions on various issues, it is called guidance.

Ruthklon says - Guidance is a process by which a person discovers the hidden talents, potentials, etc. within himself or herself and tries to solve his or her own and others' problems.

So Guidance is a process by which a person can manage his or her life, set goals, find his or her own potentials, and increase his or her usefulness, and can manage his or her life correctly based on his or her interests, curiosity, abilities, etc. Guidance makes the person suitable for living a meaningful life by adapting to the natural and social environment.

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Scope of Guidance:-


Guidance is not related to any specific aspect of an individual's life; guidance is related to every aspect of life. Nowadays, guidance is not limited to education and profession only, but the influence of guidance is observed in all aspects of life - industry, commerce, politics, international relations, solving social problems - etc. Therefore, it can be said that guidance is multifaceted. As the problems in modern life are increasing, the scope of guidance is also increasing in that proportion. Various aspects of the scope of guidance are discussed below.

1. Guidance in the field of education:-
In the present era, the principle of internationalism has been adopted in the field of education. The scope of subjects like curriculum, teacher training, teaching process - etc. has increased. Various complex and modern approaches and formulas are being applied in the field of education. As a result, the scope of guidance in the field of education has increased manifold. To successfully implement modern educational thought, guidance introduces the students to these subjects and adapts them to the subject effectively.

2. Guidance in the field of career:-
Currently, there are diverse possibilities and competition in the field of career. Rapid change in the field of career, emergence of new types of professions and extinction of many old types of professions - etc. are noteworthy in the field of career. Proper guidance in the field of career helps a student to get acquainted with the changing career world and makes him adapt successfully to the career.

3. Guidance of leisure :-
Leisure is an important aspect of personal life. If a person's leisure is constructive, positive and educational - then it has a significant impact on his personal life. Guidance plays a significant role in shaping his life by providing guidance to the person regarding leisure. Therefore, leisure guidance - falls under the scope of guidance.

4. Guidance in personality development:-
Every person has some inherent potential hidden in him. Guidance introduces the person to the potential hidden in the person and helps him adapt accordingly. Therefore, personality development is included in the scope of guidance.

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5. Guidance in the field of health: -
Physical and mental health are essential for the successful adaptation of every individual. Therefore, the issue of physical and mental health of the individual is currently included in the scope of guidance. Through guidance, a person can successfully adapt to social life by having good health.

6. Guidance regarding problem solving: -
Personal life is problematic. The duty of the individual is to understand the problems properly and engage in helpful behavior to solve them. Therefore, it is necessary to acquire knowledge about various problem solving strategies. Through guidance, the individual can understand the problems and move forward towards their solution. Therefore, the issue of problem solving is included in the scope of guidance.

7. Guidance in the social field: -
Various social issues such as mutual social interaction, social exchange, arrangement of social relationships, kinship and friendship, participation in social service programs, involvement in productivity - etc. are included in the scope of guidance.

8. Old age guidance:-
A person needs guidance from birth to death. The performance and productivity of people , who reach old age , decreases; but with it, many problems become part of old age . In this situation, old age guidance makes the person able to overcome the problems of old age and live a relatively comfortable life. Therefore, old age-related issues are included in the scope of guidance.

Finally, it can be said that the scope of guidance has increased in all spheres of life. With the evolution of dynamic times, the needs in the field of adaptation change. As a result, the scope of guidance is also changing.

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Different types of Guidance . 




Different types of guidance.

A person has to take different roles to make his life successful. For these different roles, different types of guidance are required in his life. Through guidance, a person understands the problematic situation and takes possible steps to solve it. Therefore, guidance in his life is of different types. The different types of guidance are -

1. Educational guidance: -
Education helps people adapt to life. Through education, various problems arising in individual and social life can be properly understood and possible steps can be taken to remedy them. In the present time, due to the improvement of the curriculum and educational technology, there has been a huge increase in theory and information. In this situation, educational guidance has become particularly necessary. Educational guidance helps a person in choosing a curriculum, establishing consistency with the curriculum, causes of failure and its remedies, inattention, the relationship between education and career - etc.

2. Vocational Guidance:-
The type of guidance that helps a person adapt to his career and participate in the adaptation is called vocational guidance. Through vocational guidance, a person can successfully participate in the selection of a career according to his needs, interests and abilities. Also, through vocational guidance, a person can be informed about his qualifications and abilities and can be given guidance on possible solutions by introducing him to various problems in the vocational field.

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3. Social Guidance:-
Through social guidance, it is possible to make a person participate successfully in the socialization process. Social guidance helps a person to become a suitable member of society through various activities such as participating in social relations and activities, building good relations with neighbors and relatives - friends, participating in social change and evolution - etc.

4. Moral Guidance:-
The goal of moral guidance is to establish moral values ​​in human life, knowledge of right and wrong, preventing undesirable behavior - etc. Through moral guidance, it is possible to keep a person away from criminal acts, anti-social acts, drug addiction, etc. Through moral guidance, a person also gets help in building his good character.

5. Religious guidance: -
Religion is a major component of humans in social and spiritual life. Religion plays one of the main roles in shaping a person's personality and character. Through religious guidance, a person can be informed about the various theories of religion, its application in real life, various elements of religion, etc. The main purpose of religious guidance is to remove the prejudices in a person and make the person suitable for social life through moral discipline.

6. Family guidance: -
Every person living in every society has some social responsibilities and duties. Along with social responsibilities, a person also has to fulfill family responsibilities. Through family guidance, it is possible to make a person aware of his responsibilities and duties towards his family. Through family guidance, awareness can be made about family planning, child rearing, sexual life, etc. and desired behavior can be expected from him.

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7. Leisure guidance:-
Leisure is important in every person's life. But if this leisure can be managed through constructive work, then it is beneficial for the individual and the society. Through leisure guidance, it is possible to inspire the individual in creative work, service work, etc.

8. Health-related guidance:-
Without a healthy body, it is not possible for any person to properly fulfill personal, family and social responsibilities and duties. A healthy body is absolutely desirable for successful adaptation to society and fulfillment of life goals. Through health-related guidance, the individual can be informed about the lifestyle necessary for good health; ideas can be provided about various diseases and their remedies and prevention, and by informing him about various hygiene methods and vaccinations, etc., he can be made entitled to good health.

9. Personal guidance:-
The type of guidance through which personal problems, preventive problems, etc. of an individual's life can be informed and helped is called personal guidance. Depression, inferiority complex, anxiety, fear, etc. can be observed in almost every person. This problem is increasing with the evolution of social life. Through personal guidance, the negative problems in the individual can be eliminated. Personal guidance helps the individual to develop a positive outlook on life.

10. Old age guidance:-
When a person reaches old age, various social, family, physical and mental problems are seen. Physical strength decreases, income decreases or stops and the person who reaches old age becomes dependent. At this time, they become anxious in the hope of getting support and closeness from family members, friends and relatives. Through old age guidance, the person is informed about the problems of the elderly and is encouraged to fulfill their proper responsibilities and duties towards the elderly.

11. Citizenship guidance:-
As a citizen, every person has specific responsibilities and duties. Through citizenship guidance, the person can be made a good citizen by informing the person about the responsibilities and duties of citizens.

12. Cultural guidance:-
Every society has its own cultural features. Culture is an important factor influencing the social and professional life of a person and in the formation of personality. Through cultural guidance, an individual can be made aware of the culture prevalent in the society. By making an individual aware of the prevailing culture, it is possible to transmit culture and it is possible to adapt the individual to the culture.

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