Causes of Poverty in India: -
Discuss the different causes of poverty in India.
Causes of Poverty in India: -
According to a 2013 research, about 30% of people in India live below the poverty line. According to the International Poverty Line, about 32% of the people in India live below the poverty line. In India, 1 out of every 5 youths suffers from poverty and 1 out of 4 farmers suffers from extreme poverty.
The causes of poverty in India are mainly personal, social, economic, and political. Gillian and Gillian divide the causes of poverty into five categories. These are - individual disability, geographical and environmental contradictions, economic factors, social organization errors and war. Marxists have interpreted the cause of poverty differently. According to Marxists, class exploitation; Where one class of people exploits another class with the help of state apparatus.
The root causes of poverty in India are discussed below.
1. Illiteracy: - Illiteracy and poverty are almost synonymous. If a person is illiterate then naturally he cannot prove himself suitable in the workplace. As a result, illiterate people easily fall into poverty. Individuals do not get proper employment opportunities as a result of illiteracy; On the other hand, there are various problems in raising funds on one's own initiative. According to the 2011 census, India has an average literacy rate of 74.04%; That means more than 25 percent of the people are illiterate.
2. Unemployment: - At present about 7.4% of the people in India are unemployed. As a result of high unemployment, they naturally fail to meet the minimum needs of themselves and their dependents. At present the number of educational unemployment is increasing. Unemployment is not being solved permanently due to various reasons like shrinkage of workers, reduction of employment opportunities, lack of proper policies, political dishonesty etc. and the number of poverty is increasing.
3. Defective education system: - Although the current education system and curriculum is conducive to the overall development of the individual, it is not effective in the field of employment . As a result, many people are not getting employment opportunities even after being highly educated. Although there is a system of professional and vocational education, it is far less than required. Lack of effective and career oriented curriculum is one of the major causes of poverty in India.
4. Inflation: - The word inflation means depreciation of money. This increases the price of each product. People's problems are created only by purchasing daily necessities. As a result, in the case of people with fixed income, the expenditure is increasing day by day. As a result, on the one hand, the government's budget is shrinking and development work is being hampered, and on the other hand, people are failing to procure the basic necessities of life. Thus inflation is increasing poverty.
5. Problems in Agriculture: - Agriculture is the backbone of the Indian economy. Excessive agricultural dependence is one of the reasons for the increase in poverty in India. Farmers also have different problems. Such as - increase in prices of seeds, fertilizers, etc., lack of agricultural education, whimsy of weather, dependence on monsoon winds - etc. Indian agricultural production has become uncertain. As a result, one out of every four people involved in agriculture is a victim of extreme poverty.
6. Lack of natural resources: - There are many areas in India where natural resources are scarce and landforms and climate are not conducive to agriculture. People living in all these areas easily fall into poverty. The vast desert soils of Rajasthan, the vast coastal sandy areas - etc. are not suitable for agriculture, animal husbandry. As a result, there is a severe lack of employment in all these areas.
7. Natural Disasters: - Due to the erratic weather and climate conditions in a wide area of India, various economic activities including agriculture are severely disrupted. Natural disasters such as floods, droughts, heavy rains, earthquakes, depression, cyclones, etc., greatly affect economic activities. Many people fell victim to these natural disasters and became extinct. As a result, poverty comes down easily in their lives.
8. Increasing pressure on land: - Population is growing rapidly in India; With that comes increasing pressure on agricultural land. As a result of population growth, the amount of land per capita decreases. At present the per capita arable land of Indian citizens is less than one acre. As a result, as the amount of land per capita decreases, so does the income from land. Poverty among land dependent people is increasing as a result of continuous income reduction from land.
9. Lack of capital: - Capital is required for expansion of industry. Domestic and foreign industrial companies invest a limited amount of capital. The sole purpose of these industries is to make a profit. Therefore, more employment opportunities are not created in all these industries. Also, the capital of small and medium enterprises is so low that it is not possible for them to make new investments. Many domestic industries are closing down due to lack of capital. As a result, unemployment and poverty are on the rise.
10. Unequal distribution of manufactured goods: - Unequal distribution of manufactured industrial and agricultural products creates poverty. For unequal distribution of manufactured goods, resources, food, etc., all belong to one class of people and a large portion of the people are deprived of them. As a result, there is severe inequality and poverty in the society.
11. Inadequate Monetary Policy: - The fiscal policies adopted in India to alleviate poverty are not adequate considering the overall situation. Also those policies are not applied properly. Also the various erroneous and imperialist policies adopted by the British government in the pre-independence period completely destroyed the Indian economy. Even though so many years have passed since independence, due to rapid population growth, political dishonesty, etc., it has not been possible to introduce any just and effective policy to alleviate poverty.
12. Personal causes: - Notable among the personal causes of poverty are - unemployment, extravagance, moral degradation, indebtedness, illness, various accidents, illness, mental illness etc. As a result of these personal factors, people lose productivity and cannot engage in economic activities. As a result, poverty naturally increases.
In addition, infiltration, war, political instability, conservative attitudes, caste system, religious beliefs, separatism, etc., are some of the factors contributing to the increase in poverty in Indian society.
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