Types of learning - according to Gagne
Types of learning - according to Gagne
Eight types of learning:-
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Types of learning according to Gagne:-
American educational psychologist Robert M. Gagne expressed his opinion on the types of learning according to the level of complexity of the mental processes of the individual in 1956. He identified eight major types of learning and divided them in order. According to Gagne, in this classification, higher-order learning is based on lower-order learning and knowledge of previous learning is essential for their excellence. Of these eight types of learning, the first four (one to four) stages mainly indicate the behavioral view of learning. On the other hand, the other four (five to eight) stages indicate the cognitive view of learning. Below is a discussion of Gagne's eight types of learning.
1. Signal learning:-
This is the simplest type of learning. It was first described by the behaviorist psychologist Pavlov. This is actually classical conditioning-induced learning. After many experiments, Pavlov showed that if another stimulus is added to the natural stimulus and if this happens more than once, then the associated or secondary stimulus produces the same response that the natural stimulus produces. This process of creating the natural response of the animal by secondary or artificial or alternative stimuli is called classical conditioning. The effect of ‘classical conditioning' or signal learning can be seen in learning letters, words, names, etc. This learning can make a special contribution to the formation of habits in the individual.
2. Stimulus - response learning: -
This is actually a type of advanced learning. It is known as active or operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the probability of the desired response is increased with the help of a powerful stimulus. The pioneer of operant conditioning is the eminent psychologist B. F. Skinner. In operant conditioning, behavior is voluntary, that is, under the will of the animal. The purpose of operant conditioning is to lead to the desired behavior through multiple behaviors related to each other. In this case, a reinforcing stimulus is used after the animal's response. In this conditioning, more importance is given to motivation and reward.
3. Chaining learning: -
This is a very advanced level of learning. In this type of learning, the animal acquires a type of skill with the help of which it can link two or more previously acquired stimulus-response relationships into a linked sequence. Through this type of learning, very complex psycho-motor skills are acquired. For example, riding a bicycle or playing the piano - etc.
4. Verbal associative learning: -
This is also a type of chaining, in which connections are made between different elements. Here, the elements of connection are verbal in nature. The importance of verbal communication in the development of linguistic skills is immense.
5. Assertive learning: -
Through this type of learning, students develop those abilities or skills, by which they can respond appropriately but differently to a group of stimuli of the same type. This type of learning process is very complex and difficult. According to Gagni, the root of this complexity is a kind of unnecessary addition (Interference), due to which one learning interferes with another learning. This unnecessary addition is considered one of the causes of forgetting.
6. Conceptual learning: -
Concept is the overall knowledge about an object. Concepts are formed by analyzing the characteristics of different experiences and taking their common characteristics into account. Through concepts, we can include many separate knowledge in a single experience. To form an idea about a subject, first observations are required. Then we want to analyze the experience and determine the universal or general characteristics. In conceptual learning, the teacher will draw the attention of the students to the general characteristics of an object or subject while discussing them.
7. Rule learning:-
This is actually a very high-quality cognitive learning method. Through this type of learning, students are able to find close relationships between different concepts. As a result, they can apply them in different situations. Through this type of learning, students are informed about general rules, different processes.
8. Problem-solving learning:-
Problem solving is a special type of learning method in which the student has to discover the appropriate response. The process of overcoming the obstacles or difficulties that appear in the way of achieving a goal is called problem solving. When faced with a problem, a person or animal tries again and again to solve it. There is no thought or plan behind these attempts. Among the attempts, he selects the right attempts and discards the wrong attempts. Thus, there comes a time when he reacts correctly as soon as he encounters a problem and solves the problem. This is called problem-solving learning. According to psychologists, this type of learning is the most complex. Gagni identified ‘problem solving’ as the highest level of the thinking process.
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