Nandan Dutta

Definition and features of marriage.

Define marriage. Discuss the features of marriage.

Characteristics of marriage.

Definition of marriage :-

Marriage is a primary social institution. Through marriage, the relationship between a man and a woman is legalized and socially recognized. The existence of marriage can be observed in every society in the world. Fatherhood is legalized through marriage. Family and marriage complement each other. Although many changes have been made in the marriage system in the present era, its basic character and features have remained the same.

While defining marriage, Westermark said - marriage is more than controlled sexual behavior.

Horton and Hunt said - marriage is a socially recognized system that builds a family through the marital relationship of two or more people.

Malinowski said - marriage is a type of relationship between a man and a woman through which there is an opportunity to gain fatherhood or motherhood beyond establishing sexual intercourse.

Will Durant says - Marriage is not just a license for sexual intercourse; marriage is the relationship between parents and children that forms the family and plays the role of the primary unit of society.

Therefore, marriage is the union of one or more men with one or more women, which is recognized by society. It is through marriage that the relationship between men and women is legalized and the right to procreate and raise children is obtained.

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Features of marriage: -

1. Marriage is a universal system: - The existence of marriage can be observed in every society in the world. Although the characteristics of marriage differ in different societies and at different times, its basic structure remains the same everywhere and always. The existence of a society without marriage cannot be imagined. Since marriage creates a family and the family is the basic unit of society - therefore, marriage can also be called one of the elements of every society.

2. Legitimacy of male-female relationship: - Marriage provides legitimacy to the sexual relationship between men and women. Through marriage, the sexual relationship between men and women is conducted in a controlled and well-organized manner. If the well-organized structure is abolished or is not in the society, the relationship between man and woman would be filled with adultery.

3. Changeability: - Since marriage is a social institution, marriage also changes at every stage of social evolution. There is a great difference between the marriage system of primitive human society, ancient and medieval societies. Extreme changeability can be observed in the marriage system in post-modern times.

4. Social customs and traditions: - There is a close relationship between social customs and traditions with the marriage system. The customs associated with marriage also differ in different societies. Social customs and traditions are associated with marriage and give rise to social traditions and culture.

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5. Religious influence: - The influence of their respective religions can be observed in the marriage of people of different religions. For example, there is a great difference in the marriage between Hindus and Muslims. Even the constitution has different laws and systems for people of different religions in the matter of marriage.

6. Permanent institution:- Marriage is generally a permanent institution. Although there are many cases of divorce today, it is negligible in percentage. Since the evolution of the marriage system from primitive society, the existence of division is still present in the post-modern era. There is no such fear of the abolition of the marriage system in the future. Therefore, marriage is a permanent social institution.

7. Responsibility:- Through marriage, the married life begins between a man and a woman. As a result, several responsibilities and duties begin between the husband and wife from the beginning of married life. Only if these responsibilities and duties are fulfilled properly, married life is happy and prosperity comes in family life.

8. Essential element of family formation:- The essential means of family formation is marriage. A family is formed on the basis of the marriage of a man and a woman. This system is one and the same everywhere in the world. Apart from family formation, marriage gives rise to various other kinship relationships. Such as - brother-in-law, sister-in-law, father-in-law, mother-in-law - sister-in-law - etc.

9. Procreation:- One of the main purposes of marriage is to give birth to and raise children. Thus, marriage facilitates the distribution of property among the heirs through procreation.

10. Types of Marriage:- There are various types of marriage systems in the present society. Such as - monogamy, group marriage, polygamy, polygyny. Also, arranged marriages, romantic marriages, etc. can be observed as types of marriage.

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Discuss the different types of marriage.

Discuss the types of marriage based on the number of men and women.

Discuss the types of marriage based on customs.

Types of marriage :-

Marriage can be divided into several categories based on the number of men and women and on the basis of customs. The types of marriage are discussed below.

1. Monogamy :-

In the monogamous marriage system, marriage is concluded between one man and one woman. The most common, popular and acceptable marriage system in the world is monogamy. The subject of monogamy is very old. Wester Mark said that the subject of monogamy is as old as human civilization. In all countries, at all times, monogamy is considered the best.

Monogamy has some special advantages. For example -

(a) In the monogamous marriage system, the family is small in size, so its economic expenses are less.

(b) Monogamy is almost problem-free in matters related to inheritance.

(c) Monogamy is effective in establishing the dignity of women. In polygamy, it is never possible to establish equal dignity for women.

(d) Monogamy is the best for creating a proper marital bond between husband and wife.

(e) Monogamy is also desirable to prevent various sexually transmitted diseases.

(f) Monogamy is a much more permanent relationship.

(g) In a monogamous family, mutual understanding and relationship between husband and wife are strengthened.

(h) Monogamy is also better in terms of raising and socializing children.

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2. Polygamy:-

Polygamy is the taking of more than one wife or more than one husband. Polygamy is of two types. Namely - (i) Polyandry and (ii) Polygyny.

(i) Polyandry: -

When a woman takes more than one husband, it is called polyandry. Polyandry is of two types -

fraternal polyandry and non-fraternal polyandry.

Fraternal Polyandry: - When a woman marries one man and his other brothers, it is fraternal polyandry. Fraternal polyandry is observed among the Toda tribes of India.

Non-Fraternal Polyandry: - When a woman takes more than one husband and there is no fraternal relationship between her husbands - it is called non-fraternal polyandry. Non-fraternal polyandry is observed among the Nair community of India.

(ii) Polygyny:-

When a man marries more than one woman, it is called polygamy. Polygamy was widely practiced in ancient India. Most of the influential and wealthy people in the society followed this practice. However, even today, this practice can be observed in Muslim society and some hill tribes. However, in the case of Hindus in India, this type of marriage is prohibited by the Hindu Marriage Act.

When a man marries a woman and her sisters, it is called Sororal Polygyny; and if there is no sister-relationship between the wives of a man, it is called Non Sororal Polygyny. In addition, if a man marries the wife of his deceased brother or elder brother, it is called Levirate and if he marries the sister of his deceased wife, it is called Sororate.

3. Group marriage:-

When more than one man takes more than one wife at the same time, it is called group marriage. All the men of this group have marital relations with all the women and every child born is considered the child of all. This type of marriage custom does not exist today. But Mardak says that group marriage is still prevalent in some cases among the Kaigong tribes of Brazil and the Chupsi tribes of Siberia.

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In addition to the above types, marriage can also be divided into several categories on the basis of marriage system, customs, etc., namely -

1. Associative marriage: - If the age, lineage, educational qualifications, social status of the husband and wife are roughly the same, it is called homosexual marriage.

2. Dissociative marriage: - If the age, lineage, educational qualifications, social status of the husband and wife are vastly different, it is called dissociative marriage.

3. Anuloma: - In ancient India, the marriage of a high-caste man with a low-caste woman was called Anuloma.

4. Pratiloma:- In ancient India, the marriage of a lower caste man with a higher caste woman was called Pratiloma.

5. Arranged marriage:- Arranged marriage is the practice of marriage where the bride and groom are chosen by the family.

6. Romantic marriage:- When the bride and groom choose each other as their life partners, it is a romantic marriage.

7. Exchange marriage:- In some tribes of Australia and Melanesia, husbands give their wives to each other. This is an exchange marriage.

8. In-group marriage:- If the couple belongs to the same group, it is called in-group marriage.

9. Out-group marriage:- In this type of marriage, the bride and groom are members of different groups.

10. Purchase marriage:- In this type of marriage, the bride and groom buy the daughter and marry her on the basis of money or other assets.

In addition, many other types of marriages existed in ancient India; such as - marriage by kidnapping a daughter, Veena and Motta marriage, Swayamvara, Viryashukla, Das marriage. In addition, eight types of marriages are mentioned in the Kama Sutra - Brahma marriage, Daiva marriage, Prajapatya marriage, Arya marriage, Rakshasa marriage, Paishacha marriage, Gandharva marriage and Asura marriage.

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Discuss the different types of kinship.

Discuss the categories of kinship.

Write about different types of kinship relations with examples.

Different types of kinship :-

Basically, kinship can be classified in two ways.

(a) Classification on the basis of depth, distance or proximity of the relationship and

(b) Classification on the basis of family and social relations.

(a) There are three types of kinship on the basis of depth, distance or proximity of the relationship. Namely:-

1. First-class relatives,

2. Second-class relatives and

3. Third-class relatives.

(b) There are two types of kinship on the basis of family and social relations. Namely:-

1. Relatives based on blood relations.

2. Relatives based on marital relations.

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(a) 1. First-class relatives:

The relationship a person has with others in the same family as a member of a single family is called first-class relatives. For example - husband - wife, father - son, father - daughter, mother - son, mother - daughter, brother - sister - etc. First-class relatives are all directly related to each other. In this type of relationship, strong emotions, responsibilities and duties - etc. are seen deeply.

(a) 2. Second-class relatives: -

The relatives of first-class relatives outside the single family are called second-class relatives. For example - father's brother or sister, mother's brother or sister, brother's wife, sister's husband - etc. In most cases, this type of relationship has the same feelings of emotion and relationship as first-class relatives. Basically, second-class relatives are determined on the basis of marital relationship.

(a) 3. Third-class relatives: -

The first-class relatives of second-class relatives are third-class relatives. For example - wife's brother's son, sister's husband's brother - etc. These types of relatives are not directly related to first-class relatives but are indirectly related.

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The above three classes of relatives can be explained with the help of an example. For example -

1. Wattson’s wife is a first-class relative of Wattson..

2. Wattson’s wife's brother is a second-class relative of Wattson.

3. Wattson’s wife's brother's son is a third-class relative of Wattson.

(b)1. Relatives by blood relationship:-

The relationship that arises only on the basis of blood relationship is called relatives by blood relationship. For example, the blood relationship of husband and wife is their children. This type of relationship is called - Consanguineous Kinship. However, there are some exceptions in this case. For example, let's say A and B got married and their child is C. In this case, the blood relationship of A and B is C. But then A and B got divorced and then B married D. In this case, even though C is not related to D by blood; If D performs the full responsibility and role of the father, then the relationship between C and D is also called a blood-based relationship.

(b)2. Kinship based on marital relationship:-

This type of kinship is based only on marital relationships. This type of kinship relationship is called - Affinal Kinship. However, some exceptions can be observed in the case of kinship based on marital relationship. Sometimes marriages are also done within blood relations. Again, in the Nair community of India, the brothers, sisters, all the children of the sister, and their mother all live together.

Finally, it can be said that in modern times, there have been several changes in the type of kinship relationship. Along with blood relations or marital relations, relationships based on social relations are also being given significant status. Friends, colleagues - everyone is bound by the bond of kinship today.

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Community Development : Definition and features.

What is meant by community development? Discuss the main objectives of community development.

Concept, definition and objectives of community development.

Community Development : Definition and main objectives.

Concept of community development :-

Rural society is the backbone of any country. The rural people of most of the countries are poor and conservative. They suffer from unemployment and employment problems and are unable to achieve a normal standard of living.

Community development means educating the rural people, making them aware of the development of society and taking up projects and programmes for rural reconstruction and development of rural life. Community development projects are planned for the overall development of rural life and society. The general meaning of community development is to strive for the development of people and communities in all fields - economic, cultural and social.

UNO has given the concept of community development that, community development refers to the process by which the efforts of the people are coordinated with the government authorities to improve the economic, social and cultural conditions of the country and to enable them to make their full contribution to national progress.

The Planning Commission of India has said about community development - Community development is a method of rural development extension through which the five-year plan can initiate the process of changing the social and economic life of the village.

The Government of India has explained about community development - Community development is a state-aided self-help program, the government only provides technical guidance and financial assistance. Its objective is the self-reliance of the individual or group and the initiative of the village community. Community thinking and collective action are encouraged through people's institutions like Panchayats.

The most important goal of community development is to bring about change in rural society; especially by involving the community in the development activities of rural areas.

S.K. Dey says - In the true sense, community development is a process and a program for the improvement of rural life. It is an attempt to bring about a social and economic change in the life of the village through the people's own efforts.

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Objectives of Community Development:-

1. Assistance in implementation of plans:-

Community development projects are designed to help the villages in planning and development activities. Various plans are taken up through these projects to increase agricultural production.

2. Assistance to the village community in industries and making them dependent:-

An important objective of community development projects is to make the village people self-reliant and encourage them to participate in the activities of national reconstruction. This is done through the following methods:-

(a) Change in the traditional and conservative outlook of the village people.

(b) Organizing youth and women's organizations to participate in development activities and provide for their welfare.

3. Expansion of education in rural areas:-

Community development projects are aimed at providing education and other facilities to the people of rural areas. The following methods can be adopted in this regard.

(a) Provision of social education centres and schools and other institutions for imparting education.

(b) Arrangement of various types of educational and recreational programmes.

(d) Establishment of adequate educational institutions.

4. Improvement of the standard of living of the villagers:-

Community development projects are aimed at improving the standard of living of the villagers, providing them with various employment opportunities, as well as providing them with opportunities to set up industries and develop agricultural production. Rural people are also encouraged to establish cooperative societies and other organizations through which they can undertake various development and planning activities.

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5. Political awareness and training:-

Community development projects introduce the villagers to democracy through various planning projects and provide training in other administrative activities. Various initiatives are taken to stop the migration of rural citizens to cities. Such as -

(a) Local administration is established through people's representation.

(b) Coordination and cooperation are established among the people especially in the field of development and planning activities.

(c) Unemployment in villages can be alleviated to a great extent by setting up small and handcraft industries and training the villagers in advanced scientific methods of agriculture.

(d) Through the work of community development projects, the people are trained in the practical workings of democracy. Through these projects, the villagers are trained in the art of civic affairs.

6. Making people aware of social issues:-

A key objective of community development is to make people aware of the various problems of a community. It helps them to provide knowledge and to know about the main factors affecting their social life and to make them aware of the solutions to them.

7. All-round development:-

Community development plans development in all areas where development is needed in a community - in the areas of education, health, recreation and employment. As a result, policies and plans are adopted for the betterment of the life of all the people of the community. Plans are adopted for the purpose of development in all areas of the society.

8. Motivating people:-

Community development programs work for the motivation of the people of the community. One of the objectives of community development is to inspire the people of the village community in all areas - social, political, vocational, economic.

9. Helping to achieve self-reliance:-

Community development programs motivate people so that they are able to help each other and themselves and they can stand on their own feet. The main objective of community development programs is to make proper use of resources, improve the quality of life, etc.

10. Establishing social justice:-

Establishing social justice is another important objective of community development. It provides justice to all types of people in the society. It is possible to establish social justice by establishing equality in all areas such as education, employment, social status, etc.

Finally, it can be said that community development is a collective concept. Through this, the quality of life and all-round development of rural people is helped by participating in development programs through development projects.

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Discuss the technological and cultural factors in social change.

Discuss the impact of technological and cultural factors in social change.

Technological and cultural factors in social change.

Technological factors in social change:-

The importance of technological factors in social change is undeniable. Sociologist Professor Kingsley Davis says, science refers to a part of the cultural heritage of man. It develops a coherent knowledge about nature and technology is the practical aspect of this developed knowledge. The concept of technology has been adopted in a broad sense in sociology. Here, the expected success of technology in social life is supported by the changing mental formations and social structures. Sociologist Foster says, the development of technology does not only mean worldly and technological development - it is a special kind of social, cultural and psychological system. Ogburn says - technology is enabling social change through environmental changes in society and we are learning to adapt ourselves to this changing environment.

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A systematic review of how social change occurs as a result of technology shows that -

(a) The production system undergoes fundamental changes due to the influence of technology. The qualitative and quantitative quality of production also increases.

(b) Along with the industrial sector, agricultural production is also affected by the influence of technology. It is certain that changes will occur in the socio-economic sector of a country where agriculture and industry progress in parallel.

(c) Daily necessities become easily available due to the influence of technology. As a result of the use of various technologies in daily life, manual labor of people decreases, happiness and comfort increase.

(d) When a multifaceted production system increases, people get involved in it and benefit in the economic sector.

(e) The spread of technology also brings changes in the relationship between men and women. In recent times, along with the spread of women's education, establishment of women's dignity and empowerment, various types of education have also spread and changed in marital relations.

(f) The spread of technology is capable of bringing about fundamental changes in the mentality of people. Due to this, people have become scientifically minded and have developed a career-oriented mentality.

(g) Technology also changes the social structure and as a result, social life has become almost free from prejudice. Revolutionary changes are taking place in the class structure.

(h) The impact of technology is also affecting the functions of the state. Due to this, the functions of the state have not only changed but have increased manifold.

(i) The impact of technology has also affected family life. Joint families are ending and are becoming single families. Significant changes are also being observed in various family functions.

(j) As a result of technology, a huge change is taking place in the role of women in society. The independent spirit among women is increasing. Women are becoming economically self-reliant.

(k) With the spread of technology, on the one hand, science and scientifically mindedness are developing, on the other hand, religious bigotry and superstitions are decreasing significantly.

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Cultural elements in social change:-

Culture as an integral part of human society is a theoretical creation of humans. Culture is the bearer of the overall identity of human society. This culture is considered to be another one of the underlying elements of social change. In reality, culture is not a stable thing, but its change is slow. Culture is implemented through human thought, consciousness, sense of justice and ethics, ideal values. When these change, culture also changes. The trend of cultural change is accelerated by the influence of science and technology. Again, the influence of cultural change also affects the change of technology.

(a) As a result of cultural change, universal, multifaceted and diverse changes are achieved in society.

(b) Culture brings about extensive changes in the social infrastructure. For example, when there is a tendency for the joint family to break up and become a single family, it simultaneously changes different parts of society and brings about significant changes in the basic structure of society.

(c) As a result of cultural change, people's world of thought, principles, values, ideals - etc. change in all areas. This type of mental change leads to changes in society as a whole.

(d) Culture changes people's lifestyle, tastes and habits. As a result, people's lives move towards dynamism and social evolution is achieved.

(e) Cultural change is always changing. However, cultural change is slow compared to changes in other elements of society.

(f) Technology has a profound impact on cultural change. With the spread of technology, cultural development accelerates. In some cases, new technological innovations bring radical changes in society. In this case, the Internet can be mentioned.

(g) Cultural change brings about a great change in the religious life of people. Along with cultural change, there are also great changes in religious rituals, ceremonies, customs, etc. For example, in the post-independence period, there have been great changes in religious dogma, customs, traditions, casteism, etc. due to the great cultural change in India.

(h) Cultural change also brings about a change in the cultural life of people. There have been great changes in various cultural elements such as dance, song, painting, literature and scientific practice, drama, films, etc.

(i) Cultural change has also brought about a change in personal life. Following the demands of modern culture, people's lives have become fast-paced. Gradually, they are becoming followers of the West.

Finally, it can be said that technological and cultural elements are not mutually exclusive. Just as technology helps in cultural change and makes it faster; similarly, culture also exerts a profound influence on technology. Technological innovation is motivated by the need for change in the cultural world.

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The concept of self-sufficient village society and its features .

What is self-sufficient village society? What are the features of self-sufficient village society?

Different views on self-sufficient rural society.

Self-sufficient village society :-

Self-sufficient in a limited sense || There is a wide difference of opinion among sociologists and historians regarding the nature of the rural economy of pre-British India. A group of thinkers is in favor of calling contemporary Indian society and economy self-sufficient. And a group of sociologists and historians oppose this idea. Calling rural society and economy self-sufficient means demonstrating self-reliance. There is a collective mentality among the people living in self-sufficient villages. The residents of such villages get all the necessary things for living within the village. Because everything necessary for living is produced within the village. Therefore, there is generally no need to depend on anything outside the village to fulfill the basic needs of life. In fact, this is the limited meaning of rural self-sufficiency or self-reliance.

Proponents of self-sufficiency:-

It is necessary to be properly informed about the two opposing views on whether it is appropriate to call the rural society and economy of pre-British India self-sufficient in nature. The statements of all the sociologists who are in favor of calling the contemporary rural society and economy self-sufficient can be analyzed. Among the historians and sociologists of this class, the names of Rajni Pam Dutta, E. M. S. Namboodiripad, Professor A. R. Desai, K. M. Asraf, Ramakrishna Mukhopadhyay and others are particularly noteworthy.

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According to the opinion of this class of sociologists, pre-British Indian society and economy were stagnant and motionless in nature. Historians and politicians of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries are mainly known as proponents of this view.

Sociologist H.S.Main has defined rural society as an organized and autonomous family group. This group has joint ownership over a certain area of land.

Those historians and thinkers who have described the rural society and economy of pre-British India as self-sufficient have drawn attention to some features of contemporary rural society. A brief mention of these features is necessary.

Features of self - sufficient village society :-

[1] Isolated existence -

The villages of contemporary India were isolated. According to Professor A. R. Desai, these villages were self-sufficient and completely independent from the outside world. This isolated existence and independence of the villages continued for a long time; there was no socio-economic connection with the outside society. That is, in socio-economic terms, each village was a separate unit.

[2] Collective ownership of land -

According to the Marxist thesis, in contemporary Indian rural society, collective ownership of land was recognized. There was no private ownership of land.

[3] Static and immobile nature -

According to the Marxist thesis, contemporary Indian rural society was static and immobile; there was no social mobility. Because the villages were completely isolated. Each village was limited within its own location.

[4] Agriculture and production-

In pre-British rural society, there was an integration of agricultural and technical production. That is, there was a unity between agriculture and handicrafts. There was no social or economic gap between the agricultural and technical production systems. According to the relevant Marxist thesis, due to the integration of agriculture and handicrafts, the contemporary small rural society was completely self-sufficient.

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[5] Absence of division of labor-

In contemporary rural society, there was no socio-economic gap between agricultural and technical production. Agriculture and industry were dependent on each other. Naturally, labor was employed jointly. That is, there was a lack of division of labor or there was a lack of development of division of labor.

[6] Lack of capital accumulation-

There was technological backwardness in agriculture and technical industries. The possibility of surplus wealth was low. Because there was an outflow of wealth. Therefore, there were obstacles in the accumulation of capital.

[7] Presence of caste system in economy and production-

In contemporary India, the profession was hereditary. According to the caste system, the profession of individuals in rural society was determined by birth. For this reason, an immutable system of division of labor was developed based on the caste system.

[8] Immutable market -

The market of the rural society of pre-British India was immutable.

[9] Nature of production-

In contemporary rural society, the production system was controlled and operated in terms of local demand.

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Self-sufficient rural society - According to the English rulers -

Many English administrators have expressed their empirical opinions about the rural society of pre-British India. In this context, the names of British rulers like Ibbetson, Elphinstone, Charles Metcalfe, Denzil can be mentioned. According to their opinion, contemporary rural societies were characterized as small republics. Almost all the characteristics of a small state were present in contemporary rural societies. Rural societies were self-sufficient.

Professor Desai on self-sufficient rural society -

A major proponent of a self-sufficient rural society and economy is Professor Desai. According to Professor Desai, the rural society and economy of pre-British India were basically self-sufficient or self-reliant. However, he also admitted some minor exceptions in this regard. With few exceptions, contemporary self-sufficient rural societies continued their self-sufficient existence for a long time.

Professor Dube on self-sufficient rural society -

Professor Dube did not accept or support the idea that pre-British Indian rural society was completely self-sufficient and had no contact with or dependence on the outside world. According to his opinion, contemporary Indian rural society had to depend on the world outside the village in some cases. At that time, there was commercial exchange between villages for some commodities. There was commercial exchange between villages for salt, spices, metal products, raw materials for technical industries, etc.

Connections were created between different villages in the contemporary period due to marriage and other needs. For this reason, according to Professor Dube, it is inappropriate to portray pre-British Indian villages as small self-sufficient republics. According to him, the inter-village panchayat system was created during this period.

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Different elements of socialization.

Write about the different elements of socialization.

Means of socialization

Elements of socialization:-

Socialization is a multi-component process. Sociologist Kingsley Davis has divided the elements of socialization into two categories - authoritative and non-authoritative. Authoritative elements of socialization are those elements that impose authority on the individual or child; such as - parents, teachers, state - etc. On the other hand, non-authoritative elements are those elements that do not impose authority on the child; such as - peer group, media - etc. The different elements of socialization are as follows -

1. Family:-

Among the elements of socialization, the family is considered the most important element. Every child grows up in his family after birth. Although there are vast differences in different aspects of social and state life, the issue of family relations is generally the same in all families. The first education of a child starts from his mother and then from other family members. The child gets the education of social rules, customs, manners, traditions - all these from his family. That is why the family is called the main and primary element of socialization.

2. Educational institutions: -

Educational institutions are a formal element of socialization. After the initial family education, a child enters school life. In school life, the child masters the subject of socialization in a formal manner. School is a small version of the entire society. Therefore, the role of school is very important in the socialization of a child. The socialization of a child in school life is centered on the curriculum and co-curricular activities. Discipline, regularity, respect for teachers and elders, ability to lead, attention to reading, competitive mentality - etc. are familiarized with and become proficient in social issues. In this way, socialization takes place through educational institutions.

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3. Media: -

The media is the mirror of society. Various events happening in the society, changes and evolution of the society, government policies, education - literature and culture - etc. are presented to the people of the society. The most important media in the development of socialization in the child are - radio, television, newspapers and in modern times digital social media or social networks. Through these media, the child gets acquainted with his surrounding, national and international life and gains knowledge about it. The media can have a profound impact on the formation of public opinion and the world of thought.

4. State system: -

The state system basically has three departments - law, administration and justice. Through these three departments, the state imposes various restrictions on its citizens and controls the citizens. This control is, of course, positive; because the state creates a suitable environment for the full development of citizens by imposing control on the citizens. Every child participates in the state process as a member of the state system and interaction with society is organized. In this way, the state system helps in the socialization of the child.

5. Peer and friend group: -

Apart from the family, educational institutions, state - all these formal and authoritative media, the child's peer and friend group play an important role in socialization. Sociologist Piaget has commented that the child's relationship with his peers or friend group is the most democratic. The child's relationship with the friend group is simple and free. The child can mix openly here. The participation of the friend group in various activities, their conversations, etc. deeply affects the child.

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6. Religious customs and institutions: -

The influence of religion is very important in the life of every person. Human behavior, interaction with society and social institutions, thoughts, ideals, etc. are deeply influenced by religion. Various customs, traditions, rituals, rules, advice and teachings of religion play an important role in determining the social role of the person. In addition, different religious beliefs (such as the existence of gods, the sense of sin and virtue, etc.) directly influence the socialization of the child.

7. Literature: -

Literature is published in various books, newspapers, magazines, and other media. In every literary work, the poet or writer's sense of life, philosophy, and social consciousness are expressed. This consciousness is also transmitted to the reader. Readers can become aware of the trends and various forms of society through literature. In addition, book reading has a deep impact on the personality and character of people. Through literature, people can become familiar with the prevailing thoughts, ideas, customs, and methods in society.

8. Different types of ideals: -

Every child is influenced by the ideals of many great men and heroes in their lives. The words of great men and the life stories of heroes inspire the common people. In social life, almost every child becomes aware of the ideals of all these great men through education or through stories told by adults. All these ideals have a profound impact on individual life and socialization.

9. World of Work:-

After completing childhood and education, people enter the world of work. This world of work is a direct means of socialization of people. People are associated with productivity according to their qualifications and skills. In the workplace, people can fully understand society and accordingly determine the dynamics of their behavior.

Finally, it can be said that the means of socialization do not cause socialization individually; all the means collectively cause action and reaction and organize socialization. The means of socialization are roughly the same across countries and times. When different means have a positive impact on an individual, positive changes occur in the life of the individual; and the opposite is also seen. The elements of socialization basically determine the dynamics of their personality and behavior in their individual lives.

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Definition and features of marriage.

Define marriage. Discuss the features of marriage.

Characteristics of marriage.

Definition of marriage :-

Features of marriage: -

Discuss the different types of marriage.

Discuss the types of marriage based on the number of men and women.

Discuss the types of marriage based on customs.

Types of marriage :-

1. Monogamy :-

2. Polygamy:-

Discuss the different types of kinship.

Discuss the categories of kinship.

Write about different types of kinship relations with examples.

Different types of kinship :-

Community Development : Definition and features.

What is meant by community development? Discuss the main objectives of community development.

Concept, definition and objectives of community development.

Community Development : Definition and main objectives.

Concept of community development :-

Objectives of Community Development:-

Discuss the technological and cultural factors in social change.

Discuss the impact of technological and cultural factors in social change.

Technological and cultural factors in social change.

Technological factors in social change:-

Cultural elements in social change:-

The concept of self-sufficient village society and its features .

What is self-sufficient village society? What are the features of self-sufficient village society?

Different views on self-sufficient rural society.

Self-sufficient village society :-

Proponents of self-sufficiency:-

Features of self - sufficient village society :-

Different elements of socialization.

Write about the different elements of socialization.

Means of socialization

Elements of socialization:-

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