Discuss the different types of Evaluation
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Types of Evaluation :-
A number of aspects of the student are critically observed to assign value to the student's performance. The multifaceted being of the learner develops through the process of education. Their value is determined by the appraisal process. So the evaluation in education is not a single process, but a holistic process. Different evaluation processes should be used to appropriately assess those subjects that are interrelated among students. such as,
1. Formative Evaluation:-
Formative evaluation generally refers to consistent assessment of student proficiency throughout a unit, course, or instructional program. That is, the type of assessment during content discussion in the classroom is basically formative evaluation. During teaching or instruction content is divided into small parts and presented in order of concepts so that students can easily understand. At the end of each unit, students are required to take a test, through which their strengths and weaknesses are identified. Remedial teaching is provided for those areas in which the students are weak, after which formative evaluation is again undertaken. That is, the main purpose of this type of evaluation is to judge whether students have developed content concepts and special emphasis is placed on students' learning difficulties.
With the help of formative evaluation, during teaching or instruction, a teacher can know whether students' concepts have been formed and the progress of students in learning. As a result, teachers are facilitated to give feedback to students. Again formative evaluation gives feedback to the teacher. With the help of this he can select appropriate methods, techniques or learning aids for the students.
2. Summative Evaluation :-
Whenever the formative evaluation comes to an end, summative evaluation is needed. That is, it can be said that summative evaluation is a post-formative assessment process which is organized to measure the proficiency of students at the end of a year or a certain period of time.
Teaching – The overall outcome of the learning process is obtained from such assessment. Class assessment, unit assessment, oral assessment etc. are part of formative assessment. That is, the process of making an overall assessment of the student's proficiency in terms of learning objectives at the end of a specified period or at the end of a course is called summative evaluation.
Summative evaluation is of two types. such as,
(a) Extrinsic and (b) Intrinsic.
Summative evaluation is organized when the students are familiar with the entire curriculum and expectations are prepared on the entire curriculum. To that way, summative evaluation takes place after the completion of an academic year and leads to promotion to the next class.
3. Process Evaluation:-
One of the aspects of evaluation in modern pedagogy is process evaluation. Importantly, teachers are able to implement this evaluation task appropriately and for this the teacher's observation skills need to be idealized and thoroughly judged. In any assessment phase, the student answers the question papers consistently and in a specific order. They have to be judged on the organization of the answer sheets given i.e. on the process of answering and the final evaluation is done. The answers to the questions of the students will be graded by the teacher according to the order of the process and then the final evaluation will be done.
4. Product Evaluation or, Outcome Evaluation:-
After a student is enrolled in a program, the evaluation process that determines the student's success in that program is called outcome evaluation. i.e. job completion evaluation. such as,
(a) The whole program is evaluated by looking at the answer determined at the end of the student-made part in solving any mathematical problem.
(b) Animal cell or plant cell diagram is evaluated by looking at the complete picture.
(c) The evaluation of the student is based on the percentage marks obtained in the final examination.
5. Achievement Evaluation:-
Competence generally refers to the ability to perform a task. Again a person can acquire this skill in two ways. One who is born with special powers with the help of which he can perform certain tasks in a particular field. On the other hand one can perform some tasks with training. Achievement evaluation is a type of measurement technique or management by which an individual's ability to perform tasks in a second field is measured. That is, the objective to measure the subjective change in the learner's personal life as a result of controlled training, over a specified period of time, is called the Achievement evaluation.
Organizational forms of Achievement evaluation can be divided primarily into two categories.
(a) Tests of Standardized Aptitude :- Tests which have a sound understanding of reliability, validity etc. and the scores obtained from them are comparable and constructed following appropriate rules and principles while preparing the test, are called Tests of Standardized Aptitude.
(b) Teacher-made test :- In the case where the teacher prepares tests suitable for the class without following the specific rules and principles of preparation of the test, that type of test is called teacher-made test.
6. Diagnostic Evaluation:-
Many times it is seen that students find it difficult to understand and learn a concept. Differences in this difficulty can be seen in individuals, subjects and classes. Identifying these difficulties in students is essential to make the teaching-learning process effective. It can be determined by diagnostic tests. An assessment prepared based on a thorough analysis of the specific skills required to perform a task successfully and the common mistakes students make is called a Diagnostic Evaluation.
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