Pages

Powered by Blogger.

Pages

Pages

Pages

facebook twitter instagram pinterest bloglovin Email
Career CLASS 11 (XI) Class XI 1st Semester CLASS XI 2nd Semester H.S. 3rd SEM H.S. EDUCATION H.S. HISTORY HS SOCIOLOGY HS SUGGESTION INDIAN HISTORY NCERT POLITY PROJECT Sociological Studies Teaching & Education TEST PAPERS SOLVE TEST PAPERS SOLVE 2020 WORLD HISTORY XI EDUCATION XI HISTORY XI POL SC XI SOCIOLOGY XII Bengali XII Sanskrit

Pages

Nandan Dutta

School project and education news.

Pages

Social Mobility : Concept , Definition and various types of social mobility. 

What is social mobility? Discuss the various types of social mobility. 




Concept of Social Mobility:- 


The concept of social stratification is closely related to the concept of social mobility. Individuals in society are positioned at different levels of society - judging by their social status and role. But that position does not last forever. Based on an individual's own desire and acquired merit, he is able to change his level. This level change is difficult or easy depending on the society. 

Generally speaking, in closed societies or in societies with caste stratification the scope for this occurrence is very low. On the other hand, in a class-based free society, this happens to a much greater extent. If the picture of social hierarchy can be visualized as a ladder, then it can be seen that the members of the society are located on different steps of that ladder and sometimes they change those steps. 

Social mobility is the process of moving up and down the different rungs of the social ladder. Social mobility is the movement of an individual or group from one level of hierarchy to another. As a result of this change, a person's status, role, lifestyle - etc. changes. In other words, social mobility is the movement of individuals or groups from one social status to another. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Definition of Social Mobility :- 

Social mobility is a very common phenomenon in modern society. Because no person wants to sit in the same status forever. Following are the opinions of sociologists regarding the definition of social mobility - 

Professor C.N. Sankar Rao says, there are constant ups and downs in the status of people in the society. This dynamic ups and downs is social mobility. 

According to Dressler, social mobility refers to the movement of individuals from one level to another. 

According to Sorokin, the change of a social status or cultural value of an individual or group from one limit to another through ritual is called social mobility.

Key indicators of social mobility are – vocational change, income change, role change, lifestyle change, status change – etc. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Various Types of social mobility:- 


Social mobility is of two types. Namely - 
1. Vertical mobility and 
2. Horizontal mobility. 

Vertical mobility can again be divided into two categories – 
(a) upward vertical mobility and 
(b) downward vertical mobility. 

1. Vertical Social Mobility:- 

Social mobility in which an individual or group moves from one rung of the social ladder to another and its social status changes - is called vertical mobility. For example, a poor person suddenly became a rich person; Or a worker became a bank clerk on his own merit. In these two examples, the individual's social status changes. 

Vertical mobility is of two types. Namely :- (a) Upward vertical mobility. (b) Downward vertical mobility. In this context, sociologist Mariel said in his book Society and culture, vertical mobility refers to moving to a higher or lower position in the hierarchy. Dressler also defines vertical mobility as both upward and downward in this type of social mobility. Social mobility basically refers to vertical mobility. It is the upward or downward mobility of the social order. 

(a) Upward vertical mobility:-

In upward vertical mobility the individual's social status improves and the individual moves from a lower to a higher level. For example, a cobbler's son becomes a doctor or an engineer on his own merit. In that case, the social status of that person flows upwards and his status increases. 

(b) Downward vertical mobility:- 

On the other hand, in the case of downward vertical mobility, the individual gets a lower social status or slips from a higher level to a lower level. In this case it can be said as an example, the son of a landowner became landless for some reason and took up the profession of a clerk. In this case the person will descend in the social ladder. 

2. Horizontal Social Mobility :- 

Horizontal social mobility refers to the movement of a person's social status within the same social stratum. But in this case generally the social status of the person does not vary. For example, a teacher leaves one school and joins another school. In that case, there will be no change in his income, social status etc.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments

Definition and features of maturation. 

What is maturation? Discuss the characteristics / features of maturation.

What are the main features of maturation?  




Definition of maturation :- 


The concept of maturation comes from biology. It means physical development of the child. Psychologist Colesnick while defining maturation said that the qualitative and quantitative changes in the individual as a result of natural development of inherent potentials are called maturation. In other words, the realization of inherent possibilities is the maturation. 

According to psychologist McGiock, behavioral changes with age are mainly biologically caused rather than practice and experience. 

According to Skinner, maturation is a type of development that takes place fairly regularly despite wide variations in environment and conditions. 

According to the psychologist Gesell, personal and internal growth is the maturation. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Features of maturation :- 


Maturation is the process by which a person's behavior changes, both qualitatively and quantitatively, through the normal development of innate tendencies. The features of maturation are – 

1. Process of Development :- 
Maturation is a process of development. For example, as a result, the volume of the heart, stomach, etc. increases and their performance increases, the muscles of the hands and feet become stronger and more efficient - etc. 

2. Innate Process :- 
Maturation is an innate and universal process. Its source is innate potential. This process is done in the same way in all animals of the same species. For example, in walking, all babies in the world first crawl, then stand and finally walk on two legs. 

3. Natural Process :- 
Maturation is a kind of natural process. It's only condition is the animal's well-being. Besides, there are no other conditions. Illness creates barriers to outcomes. For example, children with polio cannot walk properly due to lack of normal gait. 

4. Practice Neutral :- 
No practice is required for the maturation. This is the main difference between learning and maturation. So it can be said that learning is subject to practice, but maturation is practice neutral. 

5. Demand Neutral :- 
Demands of a child or society do not control the maturation. However, the maturation effects the child's needs. As a result, a growing body requires more food. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

6. Helps in gaining physical power :- 
Maturation helps the person to gain physical power in particular. As a result the physical capacity of the individual increases. 

7. Self-efficacy neutral :- 
Self-efficacy of the individual is not essential for the process of maturation. According to the law of nature, maturation takes place without the person's knowledge. However, the individual's proactivity accelerates the maturation in many cases. 

8. Not a life-long process :- 
Although maturation starts from the time the child is in the mother's womb, the maturation does not take place after a certain stage of life. Hence maturation cannot be called a life-long process. 

9. Process of Biological Development :- 
The maturation depends upon the normal development of the biological centers of the individual's body. 

10. Not Training Dependent :- 
No training is required to produce maturation. This process is not dependent on the needs, desires, status, circumstances of the individual or the society.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments

Difference between learning and maturation.

Contrast between learning and maturation. 




Difference between learning and maturation.

Contrast between learning and maturation. 

1. Natural aspects:- 
Learning is a mental process. But, maturation is a biological process. 

2. Practice Requirements:-
Practice is essential to learning. One of the prerequisites of learning is practice. Knowledge acquired without practice cannot be retained. But, maturation is a normal and natural process. It does not require practice. 

3. Activity:- 
Individuals have to be active in the learning process. Acquisition and preservation of knowledge is not possible without the activeness of the individual. But, since maturation is a natural process, there is no question of activity of the individual at the time of maturation. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

4. Mental Preparation :- 
Learning requires mental preparation of the student. Without mental preparation, attention, interest etc. cannot be engaged in the learning process. As a result, effective learning is unlikely to occur. But, the result of maturation happens without any mental preparation of the person. 

5. Amount and Rate :- 
Differences in the amount of learning are due to the effect of practice. But in maturation, there is a decrease-increase in the rate of evolution at different stages of development. For example, during childhood and adolescence, the manifestation of consequences is very rapid. 

6. Controls :- 
Learning is governed by the needs of both students and society. But since maturation is a natural and instinctive process, evolution is not dependent on the needs of individuals and society. 

7. Artificiality and naturalness:- 
Learning is an artificial process. Learning takes place on the basis of specific objectives, in the presence of various conditions and materials. But maturation is an innate and natural process and is not subject to any conditions, circumstances or needs of individuals and society. 

8. Gender difference:- 
No gender differences in learning were observed. But, there are developmental differences between boys and girls of the same age. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

9. Durability :- 
Learning is not permanent. The knowledge of learning is forgotten for lack of practice. Since learning is a conditional process, learning ceases in the absence of conditioning. But, the maturation is constant and the resulting expression does not change despite the wide variation in the surrounding conditions. 

10. Range :- 
The period in which learning takes place is from birth to death. At every level of the organism, the learning of the individual from different mediums takes place continuously. But, the outcome of maturation occurs up to a certain age in the individual's life. 

11. Universality:- 
Since learning is practice-based and conditional - learning is not universal. But maturation is universal as it is natural and instinctive.

12. Freedom:- 
Learning is voluntary. Individuals participate in the learning process based on specific needs, in terms of specific objectives. But since maturation is natural and non-demanding - there is no question of the individual having any role in the process of maturation.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments

Definition and features of development. 

What does development mean? Discuss the important features of development.

Discuss the definition and characteristics of development.




Definition of development :- 


Development is the expression and expansion of a person's innate physical-mental abilities or capabilities, which help the person to perform more and more complex tasks. Development is achieved through growth. Therefore, development is the continuous process of holistic, qualitative change of the child from birth onwards. 

According to Arnold' Jones, development is the process of change in organisms which is not limited to physical changes. Necessary conditions for functional change, such as increased ability to do something, ability to perform tasks accurately, etc. 

Development is certainly possible through growth, but growth alone is not development. An example can be given. A disabled child whose leg defect cannot walk - his legs will increase in length with age, but the function of his legs will not change, that is, he will not be able to walk properly. In this case, it can be said that the child's legs have grown, but not developed. Functional change is not emphasized in growth, but positive functional change is necessary in development.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE


Features of development :-


Development is a process which initiates or enhances the capabilities of the individual and which helps the individual to perform with excellence. However, it is important to remember that development comes as a result of growth. More precisely, growth takes the form of development - when that growth leads to excellence in the individual's performance. To make the development more meaningful some of its features need to be mentioned. 

1. Development through learning:- 
According to Bayer, development occurs as a result of behavior change or learning. Changing this behavior requires planning. Here planning refers to the arrangement of learning in an individual's life. Development is the combination of learning experiences that the child acquires as a result of interactions with the environment. 

2. Development is Synthesis :- 
Some psychologists refuse to consider development as the result of learning. According to them, both these interpretations view development as a passive process. Piaget said in this context, development is actually a process. Every small or single learning effectuates the overall development. But the idea that a combination of small units of learning is development is also not correct. According to Piaget, there are 4 processes of development. These are – (1) Inference, (2) Experience, (3) Emotional Communication and (4) Balancing. 

3. Development is a continuous process :- 
Development is a process which develops from the mother's womb until death. But the rate of development is not always constant. For example, the rate of development is very high during childhood and adolescence. 

4. The various developments of the individual are interrelated:- 
A person's physical development, mental development, social development, emotional development do not happen separately. They are interrelated and interdependent. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE


5. Development is a personal process :- 
Inequality is observed in the development of individuals. Individual differences in physical, mental, social, etc. development occur not only from person to person but also at different rates at different ages of the same person. 

6. Development takes place from the general to the particular:- 
Every development takes place from the general to the particular. When a child tries to grasp something, he uses all hands. Later he uses all the fingers of the hand and finally with two or three fingers he can grasp the required object. 

7. Gender differences are observed in development. 
Developmental differences between males and females are present. Girls mature earlier than boys. Girls hit puberty earlier than boys. 

8. Influence of heredity and environment:- 
The process of development in human life is the result of interaction between heredity and environment. A person's development is influenced by both his heredity and his environment. 

9. Development is a complex process :- 
Development in an individual's life is a complex process. Psychologists say that development is complex, but because the development process is complex, people help to select from complexity when necessary. 

10. Development is variable :- 
Each level in the development process is dependent on the previous level. Consequently, a person's current behavior is determined by his previous behavior or development. Psychologist Harlock said - Development is cumulative.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE


Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments

What is oblivion ? Mention the causes of oblivion. 

Oblivion and its causes. 

Definition and causes of oblivion. 



Oblivion : meaning and concept.  


Lack of memory is called forgetfulness or oblivion. Forgetting is the opposite of remembering. Memory is learning, storing, remembering, and knowing—a combination of these mental processes. If this complex action is interrupted for some reason, amnesia occurs. 

According to Mann , amnesia is the inability to recall something that has been experienced either permanently or temporarily. 

Drever says, oblivion is the failure to repeat an experience or previously performed task. 

Bhatia says – oblivion is the failure to bring a thought or thoughts to the conscious mind without the help of the original stimulus. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Causes of oblivion:-


1. Lack of practice:- 
The word is applicable in this case. After learning the things we practice sometimes, we can remember them. But after learning something, if it is not practiced for a long time, then it is forgotten. 

2. Nature of Content :- 
Remembering or forgetting depends a lot on the nature of the content. Ebbinghaus's experiment revealed that the rate of oblivion was highest for non-meaningful words, rather than meaningful words, complete sentences, etc. 

3. Level of Learning :- 
In every subject there is a level of learning at which learning is complete. But if the subject is practiced even after learning it completely, it is called overlearning. Overlearning causes oblivion less often. But if the learning of the subject is not complete then oblivion occurs more. 

4. Repression :- 
According to Freud, repression is the root cause of oblivion. What we don't want, what is antisocial or unpleasant to us - we want to repress, that is, forget. Educator Nunn says, we only remember happy events; Want to forget unpleasant events. 

5. Backward resistance :-
If a subject is learned well before another subject is learned, then the second subject makes one forget some part of the first learned subject. This mental process is called retrograde inhibition. Retroactive resistance is one of the causes of oblivion.

6. Narcotics :- 
Long term use of narcotic substances weakens the nerve cells of the brain. Memory is a brain process. So taking drugs causes brain memory to blur and forgetfulness occurs. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

7. Emotional inhibition :- 
In intense emotional situations it is difficult to remember even the things learned very well. Fear, anger, sadness, shame - etc. When the anger is intense, the level of oblivion increases. 

8. Changing environment :- 
Different elements of the environment in which we learn help in remembering. We cannot remember things learned in the absence of those elements in a changed environment. That's why we often forget to prepare well-prepared questions and answers at home in the exam hall. 

9. Traumatic factors :- 
We know that preservation depends on the brain. A severe brain injury causes temporary memory loss. 

10. Acute bereavement :- 
Acute bereavement results in complete loss of memory of the person. This is called amnesia. 

11. Lack of suitable accompaniments :- 
Oblivion must be organized in the absence of suitable accompaniments and power of perception. When you think of Manchester, you think of handloom cloth, when you think of Iceland, you think of mountains and ice - etc. in an associated process. So lack of proper association helps to forget experiences, events, places, objects etc. 

12. Lack of motivation, lack of interest and attention - etc. certainly helps the content to be forgotten. According to psychologist Watson, the lack of verbal accompaniment and various elements of mental abilities, such as intelligence, interest, attention, motivation - etc. are the main causes of forgetfulness. 

Conditions that facilitate the retention or storage process, the opposite conditions lead to forgetting. So memory, learning and habituation increase, oblivion is reduced.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments

National interest and foreign policy. 

The role of national interest in determining foreign policy. 

Role of national interest in making foreign policy. 



National interest and foreign policy. 

The role of national interest in determining foreign policy. 

Role of national interest in making foreign policy. 

The national interest of a country plays a very important role in determining the foreign policy and international relations of a country. National interest is taken by every nation as the basic element in formulating foreign policy. In fact, it is in the context of national interest that all nations engage in international relations with each other and conduct their foreign policy accordingly. 
In today's international environment, almost all countries of the world try to fulfill their national interests to the maximum extent through the adopted and followed foreign policy. Proponents of the realist view of international relations believe that the main basis of a state's foreign policy is its national interest. 
For example, after the Second World War, the United States and the Soviet Union, which formed separate alliances, both had the main objective of protecting and expanding their national interests. 
National interest is one of the main factors in determining foreign policy.  Many arguments can be made about it. For example –

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

First: - The rulers are most influenced by the national interest in the state policy, program and decision-making of every country and foreign policy is one of the means to realize this interest. 

Secondly - As the relationship between individuals depends a lot on profit and loss or personal interest, the relationship of one state with another state is managed in terms of mutual benefit, interest, etc. 

Third:- State leaders, being the representatives of the people, cannot deny the people or the social consciousness. Again the source of social consciousness and cultural heritage is national interest. 

Fourth: According to realist theorist Morgenthau, diplomatic strategy or foreign policy should be guided by national interest. He is unwilling to give importance to principles, ideals, laws, etc. 
Fifth: Based on practical experience, it can be said that the main subject of national politics and international politics is national interest. So, foreign policy will be shaped by national interest - that's natural. 

Sixth - Religion is also closely related to national interest. So in many countries foreign policy is determined on the basis of religion. For example - Iran, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia - etc. 

Seventh :- National interest cannot be ignored at all in the field of foreign policy because of the important elements of national interest. The element of national interest refers to self-defence, integrity of the country, loyalty of the people etc. In other words, it can be said that national security cannot be denied by any country. 

Finally it can be said that national interest is the motto of foreign policy of a state. However, it is important to give importance to one's own national interest in adopting foreign policy and not to indulge blind national interest in any case. In this case, the importance of international interests and the interests of world humanity should be avoided. As a result, the concept of national interest will become meaningful and effective in determining foreign policy.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments

Class XI History 2nd chapter : Most important MCQ  

একাদশ শ্রেণী : ইতিহাস : দ্বিতীয় অধ্যায়। অতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ MCQ Type প্রশ্নোত্তর। 



Class XI History 2nd chapter : Most important MCQ  

একাদশ শ্রেণী : ইতিহাস : দ্বিতীয় অধ্যায়। অতি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ MCQ Type প্রশ্নোত্তর। 

১. কৃষিপদ্ধতির সূচনা কোন প্রস্তর যুগে হয় ? 
উত্তর : নব্য প্রস্তর। 

২. প্রস্তর যুগ ক'টি ভাগে বিভক্ত ? 
উত্তর : ৩ 

৩. কোন যুগে মানুষ প্রথম খাদ্য উৎপাদন করতে শেখে ?
 উত্তর : নব্য প্রস্তর।   

৪. কোন যুগকে ক্ষুদ্র প্রস্তর যুগ বলা হয় ? 
উত্তর : মধ্য প্রস্তর। 

৫. পুরা - প্রস্তর যুগে ব্যবহৃত সবচেয়ে গুরুত্বপূর্ণ অস্ত্র কোনটি ছিল ? 
উত্তর : হাত কুঠার। 

৬. কোন যুগে মানুষ কৃষিকাজের সূচনা ঘটায় ?
 উত্তর : নব্য প্রস্তর। 

৭. তামার সঙ্গে টিন মিশিয়ে কোন ধাতু তৈরী হয় ? 
উত্তর : ব্রোঞ্জ। 

৮. হোমো হাবিলিস - কথার অর্থ কী ? 
উত্তর : দক্ষ মানুষ। 

৯. অরিজিন অব স্পিসিস - কার লেখা ? 
উত্তর : চার্লস ডারউইন। 

১০. কোথায় সবচেয়ে পুরোনো জীবাশ্মটি আবিষ্কৃত হয়েছে ? 
উত্তর : আফ্রিকা। 

১১. হোমো ইরেক্টাস - শব্দের অর্থ কী ? 
উত্তর : দন্ডায়মান মানুষ। 

১২. খই - খই হল - আদিম - ভাষা / জনগোষ্ঠী / ধর্ম / খাদ্য। 
উত্তর : জনগোষ্ঠী। 

১৩. সাহারা মরুভূমি কোন মহাদেশে অবস্থিত ? 
উত্তর : আফ্রিকা। 

১৪. কে সর্বপ্রথম পিকিং মানুষের জীবাশ্ম আবিষ্কার করেন ?
উত্তর : পেই ওয়েন চুং। 

১৫. কোন প্রাণীকে আদিম মানুষ সর্বপ্রথম পোষ মানিয়েছিল ? 
উত্তর : কুকুর। 

১৬. কোথায় পৃথিবীর প্রাচীনতম মানব নিদর্শন পাওয়া গেছে ? 
উত্তর : আফ্রিকা। 

১৭. হোমো স্যাপিয়ান্স কথার অর্থ কী ? 
উত্তর : বুদ্ধিমান মানুষ। 

১৮. রোডেশীয় মানবদের জীবাশ্ম আবিষ্কৃত হয়েছে কোন দেশে ?
উত্তর : আফ্রিকা । 

১৯. ইরাক দেশের প্রাচীন নাম কী ?
উত্তর : মেসোপটেমিয়া। 

২০. মানুষ প্রথম কোন কৃষিজ ফসল উৎপন্ন করে ? 
উত্তর : যব। 

XI - XII Online MCQ : CLICK HERE

LIST OF ALL PROJECTS.

২১. কোন যুগে মানুষ প্রথম লাঙল চালাতে শেখে ? 
উত্তর : নব্য প্রস্তর। 

২২. ভারতের প্রাচীনতম সভ্যতা কোনটি ? 
উত্তর : মেহেরগড় সভ্যতা। 

২৩. প্রাচীন ভারতে সর্বপ্রথম কোন ফসলের চাষ হয় ? 
উত্তর : যব। 

২৪. কে মেহেরগড় সভ্যতা আবিষ্কার করেন ? 
উত্তর : জাঁ ফ্রাঁসোয়া জারিজ। 

২৫. মেহেরগড় সভ্যতা ছিল - নগরকেন্দ্রিক / গ্রামীণ। 
উত্তর : গ্রামীণ। 

২৬. সিন্ধু সভ্যতা কোন যুগের - পুরা প্রস্তর / মধ্য প্রস্তর / নব্য প্রস্তর / তাম্র প্রস্তর। 
উত্তর : তাম্র প্রস্তর। 

২৭. সিন্ধু সভ্যতা কোন যুগের ? প্রাগৈতিহাসিক / ঐতিহাসিক / প্রায় - ইতিহাস যুগ। 
উত্তর : প্রায় ইতিহাস যুগ। 

২৮. কবে সিন্ধু - সভ্যতা আবিষ্কৃত হয় ? ১৯২০ / ১৯২১ / ১৯২২ / ১৯২৪।  
উত্তর : ১৯২২। 

২৯. হরপ্পা সভ্যতা কোন নদীর তীরে গড়ে ওঠে ? 
উত্তর : সিন্ধু। 

৩০. হরপ্পা সভ্যতার ঘরবাড়ি তৈরী হত - মাটি / কাঠ / পোড়া ইঁট / খড়। 
উত্তর : পোড়া ইঁট। 

৩১. হরপ্পার বন্দর শহরটির নাম কী ? 
উত্তর : লোথাল। 

৩২. সিন্ধু সভ্যতার মানুষ লোহার ব্যবহার - জানতো / জানতো না। 
উত্তর : জানতো না। 

৩৩. সিন্ধু সভ্যতার মানুষ কোন কোন ধাতুর ব্যবহার জানতো ? 
উত্তর : তাম্র ও ব্রোঞ্জ। 

৩৪. মেহেরগড় সভ্যতা কবে আবিষ্কৃত হয় ? 
উত্তর : ১৯৭৪

৩৫. মেহেরগড় সভ্যতা গড়ে উঠেছিল কোন নদীর তীরে ? 
উত্তর : বোলান। 

৩৬. সিন্ধুর বণিকরা কী নামে পরিচিত ছিল ? 
উত্তর : পণি। 

৩৭. মহেঞ্জোদারো কথাটির অর্থ কী ? 
উত্তর : মৃতের স্তুপ। 

৩৮. মেসোপটেমিয়া শব্দের অর্থ কী ? 
উত্তর : দুই নদীর মধ্যবর্তি অঞ্চল। 

৩৮. পৃথিবীর সবচেয়ে প্রাচীনতম সভ্যতা কোনটি ? 
উত্তর : মেসোপটেমিয়া। 

৩৯. সুমেরীয় সমাজ বিভক্ত ছিল ক'টি শ্রেণীতে ? 
উত্তর : তিনটি। 

৪০. মেসোপটেমিয়ার মন্দিরগুলিকে কী বলা হত ? 
উত্তর : জিগুরাত। 

XI - XII Online MCQ : CLICK HERE

LIST OF ALL PROJECTS.

৪১. সুমেরীয়দের লেখা চিহ্নগুলির আকৃতি কীরূপ ছিল ? 
কীলকাকার। 

৪২. মেসোপটেমিয়া সভ্যতা কোন যুগের ? নব্য প্রস্তর / তাম্র - প্রস্তর / তাম্র ব্রোঞ্জ / লৌহ - যুগের।
উত্তর : তাম্র ব্রোঞ্জ। 

৪৩. সুমেরীয়দের আকাশের দেবতা কে ছিলেন ? 
উত্তর : আন। 

৪৪. সুমেরীয়রা কোন বৃক্ষকে ''জীবন বৃক্ষ '' বলতো ? 
উত্তর : খেজুর। 

৪৫. ইজিপ্ট কথার অর্থ কী ?  
উত্তর : কালো চুলের মানুষ। 

৪৬. কোন মহাদেশে মিশর অবস্থিত ? 
উত্তর : আফ্রিকা।       

৪৭. ভ্যালি অব কিংস কাকে বলে ? 
উত্তর : মিশরের রাজাদের সমাধিস্থকে। 

৪৮. মিশরের মানুষেরা মনের ভাব প্রকাশ করত - চিত্রলিপির সাহায্যে / ইঙ্গিতের মাধ্যমে / ভাস্কর্যের মাধ্যমে। 
উত্তর : চিত্রলিপির সাহায্যে। 

৪৯. কারা প্রথম লিখন পদ্ধতি আবিষ্কার করে ? 
উত্তর : সুমেরীয়রা। 

৫০. মিশরের সবচেয়ে বড় পিরামিড কোনটি ? 
উত্তর : ফ্যারাও খুফুর পিরামিড। 

৫১. নেক্রোপলিস কাকে বলা হত ? 
উত্তর : মিশরের ফ্যারাওদের পরিবারের সমাধিস্থলকে। 

৫২. কোন দেশে মমি পাওয়া যায় ? 
উত্তর : মিশর। 

৫৩. মিশরের সর্বশেষ ফ্যারাও কে ছিলেন ? 
উত্তর : সপ্তম ক্লিওপেট্রা। 

৫৪. ক্লিওপেট্রা কোন দেশের নারী ছিলেন ? 
উত্তর : মিশর। 

৫৫. নেফারতিতি কোন দেশের নারী ছিলেন ? 
উত্তর : মিশর। 

৫৬. সুমেরীয়দের লিপি কী নামে পরিচিত ? 
উত্তর : কীলক লিপি বা কিউনিফর্ম লিপি।

৫৭. মিশরীয়দের লিপি কী নামে পরিচিত ? 
উত্তর : হায়ারোগ্লিফিক। 

৫৮. কে সুমেরীয় লিপির পাঠোদ্ধার করেন ? 
উত্তর : শাঁ পোলিয়ে। 

৫৯. দুই নদীর মধ্যবর্তি স্থানের সভ্যতা কোনটি ? 
উত্তর : মেসোপটেমিয়া। 

৬০. কে , কোন সভ্যতাকে '' নীলনদের দান '' বলেছেন ? 
উত্তর : হেরোডোটাস , মিশরীয় সভ্যতাকে।       

XI - XII Online MCQ : CLICK HERE

LIST OF ALL PROJECTS.

List of Subjects - 

[ Just CLICK on the subjects below to get all the projects / notes ]   

World History

Teaching & Education

Polity & Political Science

Sociology / Sociological Studies.

Literature / English Projects

WBCHSE Projects / HS Projects / Class XI & XII Projects          

Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments

Discuss methods of protection of national interest. 

Methods of safeguard of national interest.

Methods to protect national interest. 




 

Methods of protection of national interest. 

Methods of safeguard of national interest.


Protecting national interests in international politics is one of the most important duties of every state authority. Each state takes different steps to protect its national interests. Various methods of protecting and safeguard their national interest in international arena are –

1. Foreign Policy:- 
According to Frankel, the concept of national interest is a major consideration of foreign policy. A fundamental determinant in foreign policy making is national interest. In the international field, no nation engages with international relations without any self-interest . Basically, states take their decisions about solving international problems on the basis of national interest. 

2. Promotion :- 
With the help of propaganda, a country builds the opinion of other countries in favor of its foreign policy in its national interest. Political propaganda is a powerful tool for shaping foreign policy. Through propaganda, a nation  seeks to make its policies acceptable to the rest of the world. 

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

3. Alliance formation:- 
One of the ways or methods of protecting national interests in the international arena is the formation of alliances. Nations make alliances at the international level mainly for the purpose of fulfilling their national interests. Examples include NATO, an alliance of Western capitalist states led by the United States, and the Warsaw Pact, which consisted of the socialist states of Eastern Europe led by the Soviet Union, after World War II. 

4. Economic Cooperation and offering credit:- 
Powerful states pursue their national interests through economic cooperation and offering credit to the needy under - developed countries. Developed countries provide economic aid and loans to developing countries as a strategy to protect national interests in the international arena. In this way, developed countries are able to easily gain the support of developing countries in various matters of international politics. 

5. Force :- 
In the international arena, powerful and superpower states often use force or threat of force against other states to fulfill their national interests. For example, the US invasion of Nicaragua, Angola, Grenada and most recently Iraq in 2003. Sometimes creating force over the other countries is considered the most powerful element in international relations. 

6. Diplomacy :- 
Just as the role of foreign policy is important in safeguarding national interests, diplomacy plays an important role in shaping foreign policy. That is, diplomacy is a significant means of protecting national interests. Actually the implementation of foreign policy of a state depends on the diplomats. The effectiveness of foreign policy depends on the skills of diplomats. If a country fails at the diplomatic level, its national interests will not be protected. 

Finally, as every nation is determined to safeguard its national interest, all countries apply the above means to protect their national interests. However, although the position, environment, situation and interests of different countries around the world are different, all of them are always active in protecting their national interests in the above specific ways.

LIST OF ALL NOTES / PROJECTS : CLICK HERE

Share
Tweet
Pin
Share
No comments
Newer Posts
Older Posts

Contact Form

Name

Email *

Message *

About me

Hellow viewers, myself Nandan Dutta reside at Maheshpur ,Malda, West Bengal, India.

My intent to make the website is to share my view and knowledge to the HS students. They can easily find projects, HS suggestion and many more here.


Categories

  • Career (2)
  • CLASS 11 (XI) (1)
  • Class XI 1st Semester (4)
  • CLASS XI 2nd Semester (16)
  • H.S. 3rd SEM (6)
  • H.S. EDUCATION (5)
  • H.S. HISTORY (1)
  • HS SOCIOLOGY (2)
  • HS SUGGESTION (1)
  • INDIAN HISTORY (30)
  • NCERT (1)
  • POLITY (61)
  • PROJECT (96)
  • Sociological Studies (79)
  • Teaching & Education (128)
  • TEST PAPERS SOLVE (11)
  • TEST PAPERS SOLVE 2020 (7)
  • WORLD HISTORY (53)
  • XI EDUCATION (7)
  • XI HISTORY (3)
  • XI POL SC (1)
  • XI SOCIOLOGY (1)
  • XII Bengali (1)
  • XII Sanskrit (1)

recent posts

Sponsor

Facebook

Blog Archive

  • July 2025 (8)
  • June 2025 (4)
  • May 2025 (23)
  • April 2025 (75)
  • March 2025 (32)
  • December 2024 (5)
  • November 2024 (70)
  • October 2024 (1)
  • September 2024 (1)
  • July 2024 (5)
  • June 2024 (3)
  • April 2024 (2)
  • March 2024 (3)
  • February 2024 (11)
  • January 2024 (1)
  • November 2023 (4)
  • October 2023 (8)
  • September 2023 (10)
  • April 2023 (9)
  • March 2023 (18)
  • February 2023 (2)
  • January 2023 (1)
  • December 2022 (3)
  • November 2022 (3)
  • October 2022 (4)
  • September 2022 (16)
  • August 2022 (3)
  • July 2022 (5)
  • June 2022 (5)
  • April 2022 (23)
  • March 2022 (10)
  • February 2022 (18)
  • January 2022 (30)
  • December 2021 (8)
  • November 2021 (12)
  • October 2021 (2)
  • September 2021 (5)
  • August 2021 (2)
  • July 2021 (2)
  • June 2021 (5)
  • May 2021 (1)
  • April 2021 (2)
  • November 2020 (1)
  • October 2020 (1)
  • August 2020 (2)
  • June 2020 (3)
  • May 2020 (1)
  • October 2019 (3)
  • September 2019 (5)
  • August 2019 (3)
  • June 2019 (3)
  • May 2019 (3)
  • April 2019 (1)
  • March 2019 (2)
  • February 2019 (3)
  • December 2018 (1)
  • November 2018 (3)
  • October 2018 (4)
  • August 2018 (1)

Total Pageviews

Report Abuse

About Me

subhankar dutta
View my complete profile

Sponsor

Pages

  • Home
  • Project
  • জাতীয় শিক্ষানীতি 1986 SAQ
  • EDU FINAL A 2020
  • Class XI ( Class 11 ) Sociology chapter wise MCQ &...
  • Class 12 (H.S.) History Chapter Wise MCQ & SAQ
  • Class 11 (XI) Sociology 1st chapter MCQ & SAQ
  • H.S. Sociology notes .
  • H.S. Sociology 1st chapter MCQ & SAQ ( only reduce...
  • H.S. Education 10th chapter SAQ & MCQ
  • H.S. Education 10th chapter MCQ & SAQ
  • CLASS 12 SOCIOLOGY 4TH CHAPTER SAQ WITH ANSWER

Pages

  • About Me
  • Contact
  • Privacy Policy
  • Disclaimer

Created with by ThemeXpose | Distributed by Blogger Templates