Nandan Dutta

Discuss the features of urbanization.

Characteristics of urbanization.

Features of Urbanization:-

1. Characteristics of Urbanization given by Lewis Wirth :- Lewis Wirth mentioned some characteristics of urbanization. For example –

(i) Social relations in urban areas are short-lived. They develop short-term relationships with others , based on need.

(ii) Maintaining social relations with neighbours, participating in social groups – etc. are neglected in urban life.

(iii) Urban people interact with very few people. Human interaction is formal here.

(iv) In most cases there is no depth of interrelationships among urban dwellers.

(v) Individuals give priority to personal interests in urban life.

2. Characteristics of Urbanization given by Ruth Glass:- Ruth Glass has emphasized mobility, anonymity, individualism, formal relations, social segregation, transience, organic nature of social cohesion, etc. as some important characteristics of urbanization.

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3. Characteristics of Urbanization given by K. Dewis :- K. Dewis mentions a total of 8 characteristics of urbanization. They are - (i) Social heterogeneity, (ii) Secondary institutions, (iii) Social mobility, (iv) Individualism, (v) Social tolerance, (vi) Secondary regulation, (vii) Voluntary institutions - etc.

4. Features of Urbanization given by Dube :- S.C. Dube mentions some features of urbanization in his book "Indian Society". They are –

(i) In the civil lifestyle the old social structure loosens and the social rules weaken.

(ii) Human relationships become formal in nature.

(iii) Self-interest prevails in relationships.

(iv) Traditional rituals and kinship obligations tend to decline.

(v) Caste and communal justice lose importance to economic interests and personal interests. As a result, a secular environment started.

(vi) Urbanization increases the diversity of the division of labour.

(vii) Voluntary organizations participate in various social service activities.

(viii) With urbanization, education, culture, entertainment, etc. expand and become institutionalized centers.

(ix) Modernization is one of the salient features of urbanization.

5. Mechanized life :- In urban life, personal relationships are formalized and the depth of relationship between them is very low. As a result, people continue to spend their lives in meaningless social relationships. Relationships are largely driven by self-interest. Economic activities, social activities - etc. can be observed in all areas of mechanization.

6. Behavioral and functional specialization :- Internal heterogeneity of large populations helps to develop specialization. Specialization creates versatile lifestyles. Multi-professional lifestyles, multi-faceted interests and life philosophies – this disparity is fostered. Due to the availability of this expertise various opportunities are created in front of people. Urban areas thus develop unique populations and diverse behaviors.

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7. Anonymity and impersonality :- Individuals avoid familiarity in highly populated lifestyles. As a result the concept of mutual coexistence is absent. As a result, social responsibility decreases and individualism increases. People tend to be driven by self-centered interests. As a result of this impersonality, individuals become aspirational and ambitious and strive to fulfill those aspirations by availing the benefits of urbanization.

8. Cultural Change :- Traditional cultural traits change with the spread of urbanization process. People are more comfortable drifting with the current of modern consumerism rather than retaining and carrying traditional culture. Even the cultural trends of urban life are driven by individual interests. As a result traditional cultural life died.

9. Development of Modernity and Consumerism :- Development of modernity and consumerism accelerated with urbanization. People are eager to own the modern products of consumerism. Human life becomes machine-dependent and technology-dependent. As the use of technology makes people's lives easier on the one hand, on the other hand, multinational companies attract people to their products and turn people into slaves of products.

10. Process of Globalization and Urbanization :- The process of globalization is more prevalent in urban than in rural areas. As a result, people are more influenced by modern western ideas instead of traditional culture, nationalism etc. As a positive result of this, the ideals of universal humanity spread.

Finally, personal relationships, primary groups, and social proximity are not particularly prominent among urban-centered characteristics. Some artificially formed self-interested organizations make the path of the individual active but give the individual an artificial and competitive life. But even so, the importance of primary groups in civic life has not yet completely disappeared. Therefore, KM Kapadia, Ramakrishna Mukherjee - etc. have researched and shown that even though the rural people left the village for the cities, traditional customs, traditions, culture etc. still exist in the primary groups today.

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Define Urbanization. Discuss the causes of Urbanization

What are the main causes of Urbanization ?

Concept and Definition of Urbanization :-

Urbanization is the process by which rural areas are transformed into cities. In general, a society in which 75% of the working men are engaged in occupations other than agriculture is called a urban society. Sociologist Biersted mentioned urbanization as a process in his book titled "Social Order".

Professor S.C. Dube says - The city or town influences the essential elements of the social structure. All the urban societies have their own unique Institutional and organizational features.

Professor Kingsley Davies said in his book "Human Sociology", the results or effects of urbanization go beyond the limits of the city and indirectly promote the process of urbanization in other regions.

Horton and Hunt said in their book "Sociology" about the definition of urbanization - "..... urbanization brings certain inescapable social consequences - population density, anonymity, impersonality, regimentation, segmentation of personality."

Lewis Wirth refers to urban civilizations as large, densely populated and socially heterogeneous groups of people .

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Reasons for Urbanization:-

1. Trend of Urbanization :- In every society of the world, a natural tendency to turn new areas into cities can be observed. Today in the era of globalization this trend has become very fast. Basically, people are naturally in favor of urbanization due to lack of facilities in rural life, unemployment - etc.

2. Economic benefits and employment opportunities :- Employment opportunities are relatively less in rural agrarian society. But in urban areas, people can participate in the work of their choice by their ability, education etc. Government and private job opportunities are more in urban areas. Urban infrastructure is also helpful in taking up new ventures.

3. Higher education opportunities :- Students are forced to move to the city due to lack of infrastructure once they cross the school boundary in rural life. Higher education facilities are available in urban areas due to the large number of higher education institutions such as colleges, universities etc. in the city. Also, various types of education - such as - technical education, engineering, medical education - etc. are available only in urban areas.

4. Lack of occupational mobility in rural areas :- Division of labor in rural society is closed in nature. So to stay off the road to professional mobility, people turn to urban life. Due to the diversity of the division of labor in urban areas, people can easily fulfill their occupational goals there.

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5. Government Policy :- Government Developmental Expenditure - Most of the allocation is spent on city development projects. Government is always alert for development in many areas like employment, communication, development of urban life etc. When government policies are largely used for urban development, rural life is neglected and people are forced to migrate to cities.

6. Reckless behavior of the government :- Many times the remiss behavior of the government becomes the main reason for the decline of rural life and the growth of urban areas. For example, the government controls the price of food grains. As a result, the people of the city get cheap food products, but the rural farming community faces huge losses. On the other hand, the government does not show much interest in controlling the prices of seeds, fertilizers etc. required for agriculture. Such government policy undermines the interests of rural areas but on the other hand enriches urban life.

7. Administrative Center :- The administrative centers of a nation and the various territories of that state naturally become cities. It also became a city as it was the administrative center of various districts of the state. Due to the large amount of human interaction, participation, fulfillment of expectations - etc. in every administrative center, the administrative centers become the focal points for fulfillment of people's interests and objectives.

8. Center of political activity:- Political activities are mostly organized in urban areas. For example, cities like Calcutta, Dhaka, Bombay, Amritsar, etc. were the heart of India's nationalist movement. Even in modern times, various political movements, movements for democratic demands, etc. revolve around urban areas. As a result, the main centers of political activity became cities.

9. Comforts of urban life :- The presence of worldly comforts in urban areas is not seen in rural areas. Luxury, entertainment, modern consumer goods, strong attraction of western culture, diverse division of labor - etc. people prefer urban life and due to this reason rural areas are also gradually becoming urban.

10. Various problems in rural society :- Various problems in rural society are also helping the development of urbanization. There are various problems in rural public life. For example - strict caste system, closed division of labor, various superstitions, curse of caste, exploitation of upper classes, neglected rural development and education - etc. are against the normal democratic life of people. People therefore easily try to urbanize or become urbanized in this problematic environment.

Finally, the causes of urbanization may vary across countries and over time. However, the above reasons are considered as common reasons for the urbanization that has occurred in all countries of the world, in all periods. Apart from the above factors, some other factors are responsible for urbanization. Main and famous centers – historical, cultural, religious, educational – easily become cities. Also globalization and western influence in various developing countries of the world are also responsible for urbanization.

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Discuss the relationship between education and philosophy.

Relationship between education and philosophy.

How Education and Philosophy related with each - other ?

Relation between education and philosophy.

In the modern sense, education is interpreted as a scientific process. The special branch of knowledge to discuss education is Education. Philosophy, on the other hand, is the tendency to search for the eternal truth of the universe. The English word Philosophy is formed from the combination of two Greek words. The word Philos means love or attraction and the word Sophia means wisdom. So the word Philosophy means addiction to knowledge. Ideologically it can be said that philosophy is the continuous effort of man to discover the truth.

Adams described education as the dynamic aspect of philosophy.

Fichte said, the art of education will never attain complete clarity in itself without Philosophy.

Educator Ross says all questions of education ultimately become questions of philosophy.

According to John Dewey, philosophy is a novel theory of education that has very general features.

Educator Ross explains the relationship between education and philosophy – ''Philosophy and Education are the two sides of a coin, the former is contemplative side and the letter is the active side''

In fact, basic functional principles and theories are needed to guide the course of human life. If these basic principles and theories are well-thought, well-planned and well-tested, then human life progresses on the path of welfare. The task of philosophy is to provide these basic principles and theories. Again, education is needed to implement the principles and theories given by philosophy. So the relationship between philosophy and education is very close. Education is actually the practical aspect of philosophy.

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Aims of education and role of Philosophy :-

At the core of every educational goal is a philosophy. That is, at any time, in any country, the setting of educational goals is bound to be influenced by philosophical thought. Philosophers, as a result of their judgment and thought, set certain extreme values for human life. These values later became the goal of education in the society of that time. Philosophical thinking thus influences the task of setting educational goals.

So Professor Nunn said - Every scheme of education, being at bottom a practical philosophy, necessarily touches life at every point.

Curriculum and Philosophy:-

After determining the goal of education, it is necessary to select the curriculum. Curriculum is only a means to reach the goal of education. Since the goals of education are determined by philosophical ideals, the kinds of experiences that will be included in the curriculum for students are also determined by philosophical values.

Eminent educationist Briggs says that curriculum design can be considered as applied philosophy. Philosophers influence curriculum design through their ideals and philosophical values.

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Textbook and philosophy:-

Standard textbooks are an essential part of modern education. Textbooks cover essential content for learning. Hence, textbooks are also considered as an effective means of achieving educational goals. Principles and values are needed to construct ideal textbooks. Pedagogy helps in determining these ideals of textbooks.

Philosophers have said that the ideal textbook would present contemporary lifestyles to students. The different ideologies that different philosophers have propagated about textbooks at different times have indirectly influenced the textbooks and education systems of different countries. Therefore, modern educationists think that the influence of philosophy on the composition and selection of textbooks in the field of education is present.

Teaching Methodology and Philosophy:-

Teaching methods are an effective part of education. The means or techniques by which learning objectives are achieved are generally called teaching methods. This method is also influenced by philosophy. Every educational method that is discussed today is influenced by some philosophy of life.

For example - (1) Individualistic teaching method is based on naturalism philosophy.

(2) The modern work-centred approach originated from the utilitarism philosophy.

(3) The project method originated from pragmatist philosophy.

Thus, different teaching methods have emerged from different philosophical schools of thought.

Role of teacher in education and Philosophy:-

An important component of education is the teacher. He is the center of the entire educational system. Therefore, education is also affected by the ideals on which the teacher's life is based. So it is desirable to have certain qualities of an ideal teacher. Philosophy determines what this quality of teacher will be. Moreover, the role and duties of the teacher in the field of education are determined by the philosophy of education. For example - (1) According to the Prophetic philosophers, the teacher will control the behavior of the students by performing the role of guardian in the school.

(2) According to the utilitarian philosophers, the role of the teacher will be limited to the role of facilitator.

Thus the teacher's personal characteristics, responsibilities, his role in education - etc. are all determined by philosophers.

Evaluation Methodology and Philosophy:-

The purpose of assessment and evaluation is to judge academic achievement. The purpose of assessment is to judge the extent to which educational goals have been progressed as a result of the overall activation of all elements – the particular teaching method, the curriculum, the teacher. This measure of overall progress towards learning goals is called assessment. Since this assessment is done in terms of goals, it is also influenced by philosophy. Again, since the goal of education is based on philosophical ideals, evaluation also becomes significant in judging that ideal. Philosophy therefore indirectly influences the process of educational evaluation.

Conclusion :-

The influence of philosophy on education is not an isolated phenomenon. The impact of philosophy on both theoretical and practical aspects of education is immense. Life process and learning are never separate. None of these can proceed without ideals. Both education and philosophy are theoretical analysts of individualistic life. And the life-centered application of philosophy is education. Eminent academic Adams says – ‘’Education is the dynamic side of philosophy. "

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What qualities do you think a teacher should have?

Different qualities of a good teacher.

Features / Characteristics of a good teacher.

Aristotle said "Teachers who give children true education are more honorable than parents." Because, teachers help every child to develop a healthy and civilized life.

The Kothari Commission report also states that among all the other elements of education, the importance of teachers' qualities, competence and sense of responsibility is immense.

Personal qualities or qualifications of the teacher:-

Personal qualities generally refer to those qualities or characteristics that are inherent in the teacher's own personality. These qualities help the teacher in the field of education. Some of these qualities of the teacher are acquired and some are innate. The most notable among these qualities is his ideals with personality. This is why it is said that a good teacher will have an ideal personality.

First:- Dr. KL Clapp mentions 10 qualities of ideal personality such as- (1) Good physique, (2) Optimism, (3) Modest character, (4) Enthusiasm, (5) Fairness, (6) Honesty, ( 7) Sympathy, (8) Vitality, (9) Education and (10) Studentism. In fact, all these personal qualities are essential for a good teacher.

Second:- Sharpness of mind and manners are essential for an ideal teacher. Bagley and Keith specifically mention organizational skills, intelligence, good voice and leadership ability along with various personal qualities. In fact, the above qualities are essential for a good teacher to manage children's behavior in a psychological way.

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Thirdly :- A good teacher's sense of responsibility is particularly important. Only a responsible teacher can inculcate a sense of responsibility in the students.

Fourth: - The good teacher will be the subscriber, holder, carrier and protector of progressive thought. In fact he epitomizes the ever-changing and ever-changing lifestyle and will impart this spirit to the students as well.

Fifth: - One of the qualities of a good teacher is the result of his proactive life which usually arises from his proactive balance.

Sixth :- A valuable quality of a good teacher is a good moral sense. Professor Rusk says - The need for a good teacher to have a clear philosophy of life is undeniable.

Seventh: - Another feature of the life of a good teacher is his ability to think independently and impartially. In fact, to inculcate this ability in the students, the teacher must first possess that ability.

Eighth: - It is absolutely necessary to have a spirit of sacrifice and service in the teacher. Rabindranath said about this - "However, despite various adverse conditions, there are many teachers who rise to their greatness without having to pay debts. ''

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Ninth: - Another feature of the life of a good teacher is his thirst for knowledge. The teacher will be eternally thirsting for knowledge and make himself or herself radiant as a repository of brilliant knowledge or a shining star of knowledge.

Tenth :- The teacher will always be a symbol of cheerfulness and spontaneity. Sense of humor will be a significant feature of his or her character. This trait will inspire students to become real people.

Professional qualities or qualifications of teachers:-

In addition to personal qualities, it is very important to acquire several unique qualities in the professional career of a teacher. For example –

First:- The erudition and knowledge of a good teacher brings him success in his own profession. Knowledge alone is not enough - knowledge transfer skills are also essential for a good teacher. That is why a good teacher needs to have deep knowledge of modern child-centered psychodynamic methods.

Secondly - Another characteristic of a good teacher is his attitude to adopt and use tested teaching methods. He will not only follow the traditional teaching method, but he will also be able to modify and refine the teaching method according to the situation to perpetuate his establishment in his own scholarship.

Third:- In order to make the teaching method realistic, attractive, learner-centered and compatible with the environment, a good teacher should have knowledge of different types of methods and supporting methods. A good teacher can make abstract knowledge perceptible by following the principle of the modern education system, ‘’Teach through the senses.’’

Fourth – A good teacher should also have knowledge of evaluation. It is also necessary to take different measures on how to use the universal script to practice the developmental sequence of children.

Fifth: - A good teacher needs to have knowledge about co-curricular activities as well. The quality of a good teacher lies in the ability and competence to manage all these co-curricular activities properly.

Sixth:- As one of the professional characteristics of a teacher, it is indispensable to have such qualities as his liberal approach, impartiality, ability to create educational systems, understanding individual differences, giving meaningful advice.

In conclusion, a good teacher as a true guide of the students always strives to build the school and the learning process properly and is always ready to inculcate desirable behavior in the students.

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What is social control? Discuss the means of social control.

Different means of social control.

Social control and its means .

Definition / concept of social control.

Social control is a social mechanism by which the behavior of individuals living in a society can be controlled. As a result of social control, peace and order is established in the society and the society runs well.

According to MacIver and Page - Social control is a special mechanism by which social order is organized and preserved, balances with variability and makes society as a whole orderly.

Sociologist Bottomor said - Social control is a set of certain social norms, values, laws and ideals, through which the lives of individuals living in the society and the society are directed in a desired and certain way.

Sociologist Ross says - Social control is a set of rules - by which an ideal society is established.

Thus, social control is - a means or system by which the ideals and values of the society are maintained, the society adjusts to the changes and establishes the ideal society by maintaining the social order.

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Means of social control:-

1. Mores and Folkways :-

There are certain permanent habits or practices in society that are observed in particular situations - these are called folkways. However, customs are not always binding in folkways. Again, the morals that are established in the society are called mores. Mores and Folkways protect the ideals and values of the society, maintain social peace and order and help the society to run smoothly.

2. Education :-

Education helps people walk the path of light by awakening their inherent potential. Education helps to inculcate the spirit of mutual cooperation among people. Education increases productivity and helps organize people. In short, education makes man a complete social animal. Thus education controls society by controlling people.

3. Constitutional Provisions:-

In every society the constitution is enforced by the state. Public society is bound to obey constitutional laws. Violation of these laws is punishable. As these laws are obeyed by the majority of citizens - peace and order is maintained in the society. In almost every society in the world, individuals are directly governed by constitutions.

4. Customary Law :-

There are still some societies in the world where the light of civilization has not reached. These societies are governed by their customary laws. Disturbing the peace and order of the society is punishable by the clan or clan council. Customary laws play an important role in social control in societies where modern society and polity have not developed.

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5. Religious practices:-

Religion has a special connection with every human being. Generally, people have deep respect for their religion. Hence religious practices play an important role in social regulation. People are afraid to go against these religious norms and have deep faith in them. Most people lead their lives within religious norms. Thus religious norms govern society.

6. Social norms:-

In every society there exist certain social norms in addition to the laws and regulations imposed by the state. These types of customs tend to be relatively flexible. These social norms structure society and protect values. Such as the duty of parents towards children, duty of children towards elderly parents - etc.

7. Organizational norms:-

A number of social organizations can be observed in every society. Every social organization has its own norms and rules. Members of the organization are bound to abide by these rules. Thus social organizations control their members socially.

8. Media :-

All kinds of news of the larger and local society are disseminated by mass media. As a result, people can be informed about prevailing social norms, important events, government decisions and various policies, national and international situations, public attitudes in view of a particular event, etc. and can adjust themselves with social orientation. Thus mass media plays an important role in social control.

Finally, with the change of society and the evolution of time, the means of social control also change. Again, not all means are equally effective in all societies. The means of social control may vary in different societies. But in all cases the means of social control help to steer the society along a harmonious path by establishing social order.

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Nandan Dutta

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দ্বাদশ শ্রেণী : বাংলা ভাষা : প্রথম অধ্যায়। ভাষাবিজ্ঞান ও তার বিভিন্ন শাখা।

Class XII Bengali [ History of Bengali Language ] 1st Chapter.

ভাষাবিজ্ঞান ও তার বিভিন্ন শাখা।

দ্বাদশ শ্রেণী : বাংলা ভাষা : প্রথম অধ্যায়। ভাষাবিজ্ঞান ও তার বিভিন্ন শাখা।

Discuss the features of urbanization.

Characteristics of urbanization.

Features of Urbanization:-

Define Urbanization. Discuss the causes of Urbanization

What are the main causes of Urbanization ?

Concept and Definition of Urbanization :-

Reasons for Urbanization:-

Discuss the relationship between education and philosophy.

Relationship between education and philosophy.

How Education and Philosophy related with each - other ?

Relation between education and philosophy.

What qualities do you think a teacher should have?

Different qualities of a good teacher.

Features / Characteristics of a good teacher.

Personal qualities or qualifications of the teacher:-

Professional qualities or qualifications of teachers:-

What is social control? Discuss the means of social control.

Different means of social control.

Social control and its means .

Definition / concept of social control.

Means of social control:-

Changing the background and context of the play ‘’ For a drop of water.’’

Project work on changing the background and context and the behaviour of the characters of the play '' For a drop of water.''

Changing the background of an English Play.

H.S. English Project.

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